TABLE 2—

Adjusted Mortality Using Cox Proportional Hazard: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in US Veteran Traumatic Brain Injury Mortality, January 1, 2006–December 31, 2009

	Model 1 (Race), HR (95% CI)	Model 2 (Race, Demographics), HR (95% CI)	Model 3 (Race, Demographics, Comorbidities), HR (95% CI)
Race
Hispanic	2.33* (1.49, 3.64)	1.62* (1.02, 2.60)	1.61* (1.00, 2.58)
Non-Hispanic Black	0.92 (0.67, 1.25)	1.24 (0.90, 1.72)	1.25 (0.90, 1.73)
Other/unknown race	0.46* (0.35, 0.61)	0.62* (0.47, 0.82)	0.62* (0.47, 0.82)
White (Ref)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Age, y
< 50 (Ref)	1.00	1.00	1.00
50–64		4.27* (2.65, 6.88)	4.27* (2.64, 6.89)
65–74		9.97* (5.94, 16.70)	9.81* (5.83, 16.49)
≥ 75		16.87* (10.25, 27.76)	16.67* (10.13, 27.44)
Married		0.91 (0.73, 1.12)	0.91 (0.73, 1.13)
Female		0.19* (0.06, 0.60)	0.19* (0.06, 0.60)
Service connected		1.00* (1.00, 1.01)	1.35* (1.10, 1.67)
Region
Urban		1.10 (0.87, 1.39)	1.10 (0.87, 1.39)
Region 1 northeastern		0.92 (0.64, 1.32)	0.92 (0.64, 1.33)
Region 2 mid-Atlantic		1.22 (0.90, 1.65)	1.24 (0.91, 1.68)
Region 4 midwestern		0.99 (0.73, 1.35)	1.00 (0.73, 1.36)
Region 5 western		0.94 (0.68, 1.30)	0.95 (0.69, 1.31)
Insurance
Medicare		1.58* (1.22, 2.05)	1.60* (1.23, 2.07)
Private insurance		0.98 (0.65, 1.47)	0.98 (0.65, 1.46)
Disorders
Substance abuse			1.12 (0.67, 1.89)
Anemia			1.31 (0.58, 2.98)
Cancer			0.95 (0.44, 2.05)
Heart disease			2.34* (1.18, 4.63)
Depression			0.48* (0.24, 0.97)
Hypertension			0.75 (0.54, 1.03)
Hypothyroidism			0.87 (0.35, 2.14)
Lung disease			1.81* (1.12, 2.92)
Liver disease			1.74 (0.76, 3.97)
Psychoses			1.09 (0.66, 1.82)

Note. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio. Service connected is rounded to 2 decimal places of actual number (HR = 1.004; CI = 1.001, 1.006). The sample size was n = 14 690.

*P ≤ .05.