TABLE 2—
Characteristics of the Study Sample by Age: Masculine Role Norms as Moderators of the Racial Discrimination–Depressive Symptoms, United States, 2006–2009
| Characteristicsa | Aged 18–29 Years (n = 325), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Aged 30–39 Years (n = 180), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Aged ≥ 40 Years (n = 169), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Pb |
| Marital status | < .001 | |||
| Married | 31 (9.7) | 69 (40.1) | 75 (45.5) | |
| Unmarried | 290 (90.3) | 103 (59.9) | 90 (54.5) | |
| Education | < .001 | |||
| High school or less | 105 (32.6) | 60 (34.5) | 49 (29.9) | |
| Some college | 148 (46.0) | 57 (32.8) | 42 (25.6) | |
| College, graduate, or professional degree | 69 (21.4) | 57 (32.8) | 73 (44.5) | |
| Employment status | .013 | |||
| Employed | 249 (77.6) | 148 (85.5) | 142 (87.1) | |
| Unemployed | 72 (22.4) | 25 (14.5) | 21 (12.9) | |
| Annual income, $ | < .001 | |||
| < 20 000 | 170 (55.2) | 43 (25.4) | 24 (16.9) | |
| 20 000–39 000 | 91 (29.5) | 61 (36.1) | 41 (28.9) | |
| ≥ 40 000 | 47 (15.3) | 65 (38.5) | 77 (54.2) | |
| Region | < .001 | |||
| North | 4 (1.2) | 2 (1.1) | 12 (7.2) | |
| Midwest | 26 (8.0) | 8 (4.4) | 10 (6.0) | |
| South | 261 (80.1) | 135 (75.0) | 101 (60.5) | |
| West | 35 (10.7) | 35 (19.4) | 44 (26.3) | |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D score) | 12.73 ±5.9 | 10.83 ±5.3 | 8.68 ±5.74 | < .001 |
| Everyday racial discrimination | 1.87 ±1.2 | 1.75 ±1.1 | 1.48 ±1.2 | .002 |
| Masculine role norms | ||||
| Restrictive emotionality | 4.06 ±1.1 | 4.11 ±1.2 | 3.82 ±1.1 | .042 |
| Self-reliance | 4.67 ±1.1 | 4.85 ±1.1 | 4.89 ±1.1 | .065 |
| Salience | 3.51 ±0.7 | 3.48 ±0.7 | 3.39 ±0.8 | .298 |
| General social stress | 1.86 ±1.2 | 1.72 ±1.2 | 1.34 ±1.1 | < .001 |
Note: CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.
a
There were 674 respondents. However, there were missing data for some participant characteristics. Data on self-reliance, general social stress, and income were missing for 5.0%, 5.2%, and 7.7%, respectively. Analysis suggested that the data were missing at random.
b
Comparisons are based on the χ2 statistic for categorical variables and the F statistic for continuous variables.