TABLE 4—
Prevalence Ratios of Hypertension by Categories of Discrimination in Perceived Discrimination and Hypertension: The Jackson Heart Study, Jackson, MS, 2000–2004
| Age, Gender Adjusted, Ratio (95% CI) | Age, Gender, SES Adjusted,a Ratio (95% CI) | Age, Gender, SES, Risk Factors Adjusted,bc Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Everyday | |||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.03) |
| Q3 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) |
| Q4 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) |
| P trend | .947 | .970 | .519 |
| SD units | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Lifetime | |||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
| Q3 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) |
| Q4 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) |
| P trend | .043 | .006 | .088 |
| SD units | 1.03* (1.01, 1.05) | 1.04** (1.01, 1.06) | 1.03* (1.00, 1.05) |
| Burdend | |||
| Q1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) |
| Q3 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.10) |
| Q4 | 1.08 (1.01, 1.15) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) |
| P trend | .023 | .013 | .084 |
| SD units | 1.02* (1.00, 1.04) | 1.02* (1.00, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
| Stressd | |||
| Not stressful (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderately stressful | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) |
| Very stressful | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) |
| P trend | .009 | .008 | .05 |
| Attribution of lifetime | |||
| No discrimination (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Race/low | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) |
| Race/high | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) |
| Nonracial/low | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
| Nonracial/high | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) |
| Attribution of burden | |||
| Race/low (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Race/high | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) |
| Nonracial/low | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.11) |
| Nonracial/high | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; Q = Quartile; SES = socioeconomic status. The sample size was (n = 4939).
SES: education—< high school, high school graduate, some college, and ≥ bachelor's degree; income categories were based on family size, US Census poverty levels, and year of baseline clinic visit (2000-2004): poor < poverty level; lower-middle = 1-1.5 times the poverty level; upper-middle > 1.5 but < 3.5 times the poverty level; and affluent ≥ 3.5 times the poverty level; occupation—transportation/other, production, construction/extract, farming, sale/office, service.
Risk factors: body mass index, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet.
Analysis was restricted to participants who had no missing risk factors (n = 4523, 4516, 3976, and 3985 for everyday, lifetime, burden, and stress, respectively).
Burden and stress from discrimination are restricted to persons who reported at least 1 instance of lifetime discrimination.
*P ≤ .05; **P ≤ .01