TABLE 5—

Risk Ratios for Low- and Middle-Income Males Compared With High-Income Males: US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2006, and Health Survey, 2003–2006

	United States			England
Health Outcome and Income Level	1	2	3	4	5	6
Obesity
Low	1.16**	1.15**	1.19**	1.13	1.16*	1.20*
Middle	1.19**	1.19**	1.19**	0.97	0.97	0.97
Diabetes
Low	2.01**	1.74**	1.69**	1.64**	1.45**	1.32*
Middle	1.25	1.18	1.10	1.32*	1.32*	1.17
Low HDL
Low	1.21**	1.27**	1.26**	1.29**	1.24**	1.12
Middle	1.14*	1.16**	1.12*	1.16	1.15	1.09
High cholesterol ratio
Low	1.17**	1.21**	1.20**	1.11	1.08	1.02
Middle	1.1	1.12*	1.08	1.01	1.01	0.97
Hypertension
Low	1.20**	1.19**	1.26*	1.02	1.01	1.03
Middle	1.09	1.09	1.08	0.98	0.98	0.97
High C-reactive protein
Low	1.35**	1.32**	1.25**	1.41**	1.39**	1.27**
Middle	1.11	1.10	1.04	1.14*	1.14*	1.07
Asthma
Low	1.00	1.05	1.13	1.31*	1.32*	1.27
Middle	0.98	0.99	0.94	0.96	0.96	0.98
Heart attack
Low	1.81**	2.03**	1.94**	1.81**	1.92**	1.90**
Middle	1.23	1.27	1.21	1.46*	1.53**	1.51**
Stroke
Low	2.22**	2.07**	2.05**	2.19**	2.47**	2.34**
Middle	1.52*	1.49*	1.40	1.41	1.40	1.34

Note. HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Columns 1 and 4 control for age only; columns 2 and 5 control for age and race/ethnicity; columns 3 and 6 control for age, race/ethnicity, health behaviors, body mass index, and health insurance (US only).

*P < .05; **P < .01 (risk ratio for low- and middle-income vs high-income individuals).