TABLE 4—
Associations of Any Maternal IPV and All Covariates With Child Nutritional Status Among Mothers of Children Younger Than 5 Years (n = 1851): Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2007
| Child Nutritional Status |
|||
| Characteristic | Stunting, AOR (95% CI) | Underweight, AOR (95% CI) | Wasting, AOR (95% CI) |
| Maternal age, y | |||
| 15–24 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–34 | 0.87 (0.63, 1.19) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.19) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.81) |
| 35–49 | 1.10 (0.66, 1.84) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.36) | 0.85 (0.46, 1.56) |
| Maternal education | |||
| No education (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.92 (0.67, 1.25) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.46) |
| Secondary or higher | 0.77 (0.54, 1.10) | 0.66 (0.46, 0.94) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.08) |
| Maternal decision-making autonomy, no. of aspectsa | |||
| 0 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 0.67 (0.36, 1.23) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.32) | 0.33 (0.15, 0.71) |
| 2 | 0.97 (0.58, 1.63) | 1.18 (0.72, 1.92) | 0.85 (0.40, 1.80) |
| 3 | 1.07 (0.67, 1.71) | 0.97 (0.60, 1.57) | 0.93 (0.53, 1.65) |
| 4 | 0.75 (0.47, 1.19) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.19) | 0.68 (0.37, 1.25) |
| 5 | 0.94 (0.61, 1.45) | 0.95 (0.62, 1.45) | 0.94 (0.55, 1.58) |
| Maternal BMI categoryb | |||
| Thin (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Normal | 0.69 (0.52, 0.91) | 0.63 (0.49, 0.82) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.93) |
| Overweight/obese | 0.44 (0.25, 0.78) | 0.37 (0.21, 0.67) | 0.34 (0.16, 0.72) |
| No. of household members (tertiles) | |||
| 2–4 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 5–6 | 0.97 (0.70, 1.36) | 1.16 (0.86, 1.59) | 1.30 (0.89, 1.92) |
| ≥7 | 0.91 (0.64, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.69, 1.34) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) |
| Parity, no. of children | |||
| 1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 0.84 (0.58, 1.21) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.67, 1.51) |
| ≥3 | 1.13 (0.73, 1.74) | 0.90 (0.59, 1.38) | 0.67 (0.40, 1.13) |
| Area of residence | |||
| Rural (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 0.95 (0.70, 1.27) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.27) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) |
| Maternal occupation | |||
| Unemployed (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Agriculture/nonmanual labor | 0.98 (0.72, 1.32) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.22) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.25) |
| Manual labor | 0.70 (0.44, 1.12) | 0.6 (0.37, 1.07) | 0.72 (0.36, 1.44) |
| Wealth index category | |||
| Poor (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Middle | 0.67 (0.47, 0.96) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.05) | 0.89 (0.58, 1.35) |
| Rich | 0.69 (0.48, 0.97) | 0.62 (0.44, 0.88) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.36) |
| Child gender | |||
| Female (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | 0.79 (0.63, 1.00) | 1.46 (1.09, 1.94) |
| Child age, mo | |||
| 0–11 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12–23 | 2.13 (0.92, 4.90) | 1.46 (0.57, 3.74) | 2.25 (0.80, 6.33) |
| 24–35 | 2.67 (1.24, 5.74) | 1.40 (0.57, 3.47) | 1.53 (0.54, 4.35) |
| 36–59 | 2.73 (1.27, 5.87) | 1.90 (0.77, 4.67) | 1.42 (0.49, 4.16) |
| Initiation of breastfeeding | |||
| Early (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Late | 1.15 (0.87, 1.51) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.23) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.44) |
| Duration of breastfeeding, mo | |||
| 0–11 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12–23 | 1.02 (0.46, 2.26) | 1.13 (0.45, 2.82) | 0.82 (0.30, 2.21) |
| ≥24 | 1.21 (0.58, 2.51) | 1.40 (0.59, 3.30) | 0.73 (0.27, 1.97) |
| Recent child illness | |||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.27 (1.00, 1.62) | 1.37 (1.07, 1.75) | 1.20 (0.87, 1.64) |
| Any physical or sexual IPV | |||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.59 (1.23, 2.08) | 1.33 (1.04, 1.71) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; BMI = body mass index (defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters); CI = confidence interval; IPV = intimate partner violence.
a
Aspects of family decisions a woman participated alone or jointly in making.
b
BMI categories were thin (< 18.5), normal (18.5–24.9), or overweight–obese (≥ 25).