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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Oct 28.
Published in final edited form as: Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Jul 31;14(40):13754–13771. doi: 10.1039/c2cp41602f

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

DNA-modified electrodes allow for the measurement of DNA CT to diverse redox-active species. As long as probe molecules are well coupled to the DNA π-stack, DNA-modified electrodes can be used to measure DNA-mediated redox processes of a variety of noncovalent (left) and covalent (center) redox probes, as well as proteins with redox-active cofactors (right). Attenuation of the redox signal by the incorporation of a mismatch or other structural perturbation to the π-stack can be used as a diagnostic to determine if the observed signal is indeed DNA-mediated.