Table 1. Summary of bacterial effector proteins known to disrupt Rho GTPase function.

Organism	Effector	Target	Mode of action
Salmonella typhimurium	SopE	Rac1, Cdc42	Operates as a GEF.22
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis	YopE	RhoA, Rac, Cdc42	Functions as a GAP.23
Vibrio parahemolyticus	VopS	RhoA, Rac, Cdc42	Blocks effector binding through covalent modification by adding adenosine 5′-monophosphate.24
Clostridium difficile	TcdB	Rho GTPases	Inactivates through covalent modification by transfer of glucose to most Rho proteins.25
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	ExoS	Rac1	Possesses GAP activity.26
Clostridium botulinum	C3-tranferase	RhoA, RhoB, RhoC	Inactivates by ADP-ribosylation of Rho GTPases.27
Burkholderia cenocepacia	?	Rac, Cdc42	Interferes with GEF function.7