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. 2012 Oct 16;61(11):2967–2979. doi: 10.2337/db11-1824

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© 2012 by the American Diabetes Association.

Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.

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FIG. 4. — Effect of exendin-4 (Ex-4) treatment in EC-PKCβ2Tg mice. A: Urinary cAMP excretions in each group are shown: mice with STZ-induced diabetes (DM), nondiabetic mice (NDM), WT mice, and EC-PKCβ2Tg mice. n = 6 in nondiabetic WT plus vehicle, nondiabetic WT plus exendin-4, diabetic WT plus vehicle, diabetic WT plus exendin-4, nondiabetic transgenic (Tg) plus exendin-4, and diabetic transgenic plus exendin-4; n = 7 in nondiabetic transgenic plus vehicle and diabetic transgenic plus vehicle. *P < 0.05 vs. WT/nondiabetic/exendin-4⁻; ¶P < 0.05 vs. WT/nondiabetic/exendin-4⁺. B: Albuminuria in each test group is shown. n = 6 in nondiabetic WT plus vehicle, nondiabetic WT plus exendin-4, diabetic WT plus vehicle, diabetic WT plus exendin-4, nondiabetic transgenic plus exendin-4, and diabetic transgenic plus exendin-4; n = 7 in nondiabetic transgenic plus vehicle and diabetic transgenic plus vehicle. *P < 0.05 vs. WT/nondiabetic/exendin-4⁻; †P < 0.05 vs. WT/diabetic/exendin-4⁻; ‡P < 0.05 vs. transgenic/diabetic/exendin-4⁻. C: Representative light microscopic appearance of glomeruli periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and periodic acid–methenamine-silver (PAM) staining. Bar = 50 μm. n = 6 in nondiabetic WT plus vehicle, nondiabetic WT plus exendin-4, diabetic WT plus vehicle, diabetic WT plus exendin-4, nondiabetic transgenic plus exendin-4, and diabetic transgenic plus exendin-4; n = 7 in nondiabetic transgenic plus vehicle and diabetic transgenic plus vehicle. Magnification ×400. D: Immunostaining for PAI-1 in each group of mice is shown. Bar = 50 μm. n = 6 in nondiabetic WT plus vehicle, nondiabetic WT plus exendin-4, diabetic WT plus vehicle, diabetic WT plus exendin-4, nondiabetic transgenic plus exendin-4, and diabetic transgenic plus exendin-4; n = 7 in nondiabetic transgenic plus vehicle and diabetic transgenic plus vehicle. Magnification ×400. One of three independently performed experiments is shown. Results are expressed as means ± SD. Comparisons were made between groups using either two-sample and paired t tests for two-way comparisons or one-way ANOVA for multiple groups to establish statistically significant differences. (A high-quality digital representation of this figure is available in the online issue.)