Fig. 5.

For each country on each aggregation level, the values for f_i and f_e as given in Table S3 are shown as a function of the average electorate per unit in A and B, and for the number of units n in C and D, respectively. Results for Russia and Uganda are highlighted. The values for all other countries are close to zero, indicating that the data are best described by the absence of the ballot stuffing mechanism. Parameter values for f_i and f_e for Russia and Uganda remain significantly above zero for all aggregation levels. Note that, in D, the error margins for f_e values in the range 10 < n < 100 (as well as for the corresponding values f_e in C) get increasingly large, whereas f_i estimates in this range stay robust.