Table 4.
Least Squares Regression Results of the First Stage Model of Schooling Outcomes: Canada as the Counterfactual (standard errors)
| High School Dropout | University Degree | Years of Schooling | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
| 1. All other countries | ||||||
| Arrived Young × Not from Canada |
0.0199 (0.0018) |
0.0211 (0.0018) |
−0.0106 (0.0025) |
−0.0120 (0.0025) |
−0.2029 (0.0154) |
−0.2124 (0.0155) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.2829 | 0.2836 | 0.1420 | 0.1426 | 0.3031 | 0.3040 |
| 2. United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand (observations = 9,384) |
||||||
| Arrived Young × Not from Canada |
−0.0070 (0.0023) |
−0.0070 (0.0023) |
−0.0015 (0.0038) |
−0.0014 (0.0038) |
0.0279 (0.0211) |
0.0284 (0.0211)† |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.0091 | 0.0093 | 0.0038 | 0.0046 | 0.0062 | 0.0069 |
| 3. Other European countries (observations = 26,223) |
||||||
| Arrived Young × Not from Canada |
0.0151 (0.0020) |
0.0148 (0.0020) |
−0.0128 (0.0027) |
−0.0136 (0.0027) |
−0.1489 (0.0171) |
−0.1491 (0.0171) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.1001 | 0.1003 | 0.0392 | 0.0399 | 0.1142 | 0.1145 |
| 4. Puerto Rico (observations = 16,972) |
||||||
| Arrived Young × Not from Canada |
0.0196 (0.0023) |
0.0210 (0.0023) |
−0.0064 (0.0026) |
−0.0070 (0.0026) |
−0.1810 (0.0184) |
−0.1903 (0.0185) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.1400 | 0.1455 | 0.0706 | 0.0720 | 0.1542 | 0.1592 |
| 5. Mexico (observations = 40,700) | ||||||
| Arrived Young × Not from Canada |
0.0402 (0.0019) |
0.0448 (0.0020) |
−0.0099 (0.0025) |
−0.0118 (0.0026) |
−0.3981 (0.0166) |
−0.4327 (0.0170) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.2433 | 0.2464 | 0.1196 | 0.1211 | 0.2282 | 0.2313 |
| 6. Other Latin American countries (observations = 26,315) |
||||||
| Arrived Young × Not from Canada |
0.0126 (0.0020) |
0.0121 (0.0020) |
−0.0138 (0.0027) |
−0.0158 (0.0027) |
−0.1236 (0.0167) |
−0.1277 (0.0170) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.1250 | 0.1251 | 0.0423 | 0.0433 | 0.1250 | 0.1256 |
| Age at arrival fixed effects | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Place of birth fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
NOTE: Arrived young is defined as max (0, Age at Arrival − 8); that is, it takes the value of zero if the age at arrival is eight or younger and then increases by one for each age at arrival beyond eight years. All models also include controls for age in adulthood and age squared, and an indicator variable equal to one if the individual is a woman. Columns (1) and (2) refer to results from separate least squares estimations. The first refers to a model that does not have a set of indicator variables for developmental stage at arrival; the second includes these five categories (which are described in the text) with those arriving as newborns to two years of age as the reference group. All models include a constant and a fixed effect for the country of birth, with the excluded category being Canada. Each of the panels represents a different sample. Standard errors are enclosed in parentheses. Figures in bold indicate statistical significance with a marginal significance level of at least .05.