Table 5.
Two-Stage Least Squares Results of the Impact of Being a High School Dropout on Social Outcomes: Canada as the Counterfactual, Men and Women (standard errors)
| Sample Size (sam- ple size conditional on being married) |
English Speaker | Number of Children |
Married | Immigrant Spouse | Spouses Speak English at Home |
Same Country Spouse |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. All other countries |
|||||||
| Men | 59,252 (41,099) |
−1.572 (0.198) |
0.917 (0.481) |
−0.110 (0.166) |
1.352 (0.284) |
−0.584 (0.216) |
1.284 (0.237) |
| Women | 61,294 (40,160) |
−1.777 (0.202) |
1.562 (0.448) |
0.224 (0.165) |
1.145 (0.206) |
−0.860 (0.191) |
1.074 (0.177) |
| Both | 120,546 (81,259) |
−1.671 (0.140) |
1.305 (0.328) |
0.084 (0.117) |
1.237 (0.168) |
−0.746 (0.142) |
1.164 (0.142) |
| 2. United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand |
|||||||
| Men | 4,265 (2,821) |
−0.604 (0.294) |
2.47 (2.01) |
0.944 (0.747) |
−0.620 (0.621) |
−0.104 (0.515) |
−0.394 (0.493) |
| Women | 5,119 (3,432) |
−0.403 (0.295) |
−2.28 (2.24) |
−0.859 (0.909) |
−0.154 (0.617) |
0.138 (0.577) |
0.983 (0.576) |
| Both | 9,384 (6,253) |
−0.529 (0.224) |
−0.057 (1.39) |
−0.0281 (0.541) |
−0.350 (0.442) |
0.0218 (0.391) |
0.365 (0.331) |
| 3. Other European countries |
|||||||
| Men | 12,365 (8,786) |
−1.487 (0.306) |
0.758 (0.877) |
−0.0899 (0.304) |
2.60 (1.04) |
−3.02 (1.16) |
2.14 (0.816) |
| Women | 13,858 (9,789) |
−1.241 (0.208) |
0.313 (0.558) |
0.409 (0.230) |
1.32 (0.309) |
−1.68 (0.368) |
1.25 (0.273) |
| Both | 26,223 (18,575) |
−1.325 (0.184) |
0.502 (0.481) |
0.219 (0.182) |
1.70 (0.0342) |
−2.12 (0.402) |
1.50 (0.286) |
| 4. Puerto Rico | |||||||
| Men | 7,797 (4,897) |
−1.593 (0.211) |
−0.300 (0.440) |
−0.382 (0.167) |
0.759 (0.192) |
−0.239 (0.161) |
0.654 (0.165) |
| Women | 9,175 (5,203) |
−3.193 (0.607) |
0.917 (0.635) |
0.100 (0.250) |
1.118 (0.310) |
−0.627 (0.248) |
0.917 (0.270) |
| Both | 16,972 (10,100) |
−2.216 (0.239) |
0.301 (0.356) |
−0.167 (0.139) |
0.881 (0.160) |
−0.396 (0.130) |
0.739 (0.140) |
| 5. Mexico | |||||||
| Men | 21,879 (15,998) |
−1.273 (0.091) |
1.164 (0.262) |
0.014 (0.086) |
0.673 (0.109) |
0.008 (0.106) |
0.751 (0.094) |
| Women | 18,821 (12,972) |
−1.302 (0.075) |
1.284 (0.211) |
0.102 (0.077) |
0.434 (0.079) |
−0.049 (0.079) |
0.518 (0.071) |
| Both | 40,700 (28,970) |
−1.292 (0.059) |
1.273 (0.167) |
0.075 (0.058) |
0.547 (0.065) |
−0.029 (0.064) |
0.625 (0.057) |
| 6. Other Latin American countries |
|||||||
| Men | 11,950 (7,849) |
−2.556 (0.650) |
−0.430 (0.948) |
−0.631 (0.382) |
3.107 (1.487) |
−0.735 (0.580) |
2.526 (1.159) |
| Women | 14,365 (8,815) |
−2.635 (0.539) |
1.791 (0.826) |
0.068 (0.297) |
2.027 (0.636) |
−1.023 (0.414) |
1.545 (0.491) |
| Both | 26,315 (16,664) |
−2.604 (0.416) |
0.935 (0.605) |
−0.231 (0.229) |
2.447 (0.651) |
−0.929 (0.342) |
1.927 (0.502) |
| Age at arrival fixed effects |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Place of birth fixed effects |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
NOTE: Arrived young is defined as max (0, Age at Arrival – 8); that is, it takes the value of zero if the age at arrival is eight or younger and then increases by one for each age at arrival beyond eight years. All models also include controls for age in adulthood and age squared, and an indicator variable equal to one if the individual is a woman. All models include a constant and a fixed effect for the country of birth, with the excluded category being either Canada or Puerto Rico. Each of the panels represents a different sample. Standard errors are enclosed in parentheses. Figures in bold indicate statistical significance with a marginal significance level of at least .05.