Table 1.
Demographic and clinical profile of study participants.
| Diabetic subjects | Nondiabetic subjects | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | CN | AD | CN | |
| Number | 25 | 261 | 30 | 125 |
| Age (years) | 78.6 (5.8)* | 72.7 (5.6) | 77.5 (6.3) | 72.6 (4.6) |
| Female (%) | 68.0* | 50.2 | 80.0# | 50.4 |
| Education (years) | 9.3 (2.0)* | 11.9 (3.0) | 11.0 (2.5) | 12.5 (3.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 (4.6) | 23.0 (3.4) | 21.7 (2.2)# | 23.6 (4.2) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.0 (16.0) | 130.0 (13.3) | 126.6 (17.3) | 128.6 (15.7) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 60.0 (15.1)* | 70.0 (9.4) | 58.5 (16.0)# | 72.0 (9.0) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.8 (43.7) | 206.1 (30.0) | 214.4 (34.1) | 196.1 (29.8) |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 118.9 (49.3) | 157.4 (83.7) | 131.0 (61.6) | 109.8 (54.0) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 60.2 (12.5) | 53.4 (14.7) | 69.5 (18.6) | 60.9 (17.9) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.1 (0.8) | 7.2 (1.1) | — | — |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 16.6 (9.9) | 14.6 (10.7) | — | — |
| Hypoglycemic episodes (times/year) | 4.5 (13.0) | 11.4 (47.2) | — | — |
| Insulin use (%) | 40.0 | 30.3 | — | — |
| Insulin dose (U/day) | 17.0 (11.6) | 22.7 (12.9) | — | — |
| Insulin injection (times/day) | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.0) | — | — |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent use (yes = 1, no = 0) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.5) | — | — |
| Exercise (minutes/week) | 72.3 (12.9)* | 221.9 (468.7) | 209.3 (161) | 225.8 (208.7) |
| Diet therapy compliance (very poor = 1, poor = 2, normal = 3, good = 4) | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.8) |
| History of heart disease (%) | 4.0 | 19.9 | 3.7 | 20.0 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease (%) | 12.0 | 10.0 | 6.7 | 8.0 |
| MMSE (score) | 20.6 (3.8)* | 28.0 (0.0) | 20.8 (3.7)# | 27.4 (2.1) |
| Computer-based screening test (score) | 9.0 (2.9)* | 14.3 (0.5) | 9.9 (2.9)# | 14.4 (0.5) |
Values are the mean and (SD) and percentages. *P < 0.05 and # P < 0.05 compared with cognitively normal subjects in the diabetic and nondiabetic groups, respectively. AD: Alzheimer's disease; CN: cognitively normal; BMI: body mass index; MMSE: mini-mental state examination.