Table 3.

Results stratified by race/ethnicity.

	Non-Hispanic White (n=16)			Hispanic (n= 17)			African American (n=19)			All Participants (n=52)
	T1	T2	Δ Score	T1	T2	Δ Score	T1	T2	Δ Score	T1	T2	Δ Score
Pain-related disability (0–24)	12.15 (1.16)	8.62 (1.29)	−3.53*	14.00 (1.23)	5.55 (1.35)	−8.45*	13.21 (1.11)	9.32 (1.14)	−3.89*	13.12 (0.72)	7.83 (0.77)	−5.29*
Pain intensity (0–10)	5.82 (0.57)	4.38 (0.66)	−1.44	7.41 (0.59)	3.84 (0.68)	−3.57*	5.54 (0.55)	5.56 (0.57)	0.02	6.26 (0.35)	4.59 (0.39)	−1.67*
Pain self-efficacy (0–60)	44.64 (2.80)	47.81 (3.19)	3.17	45.43 (2.96)	58.02 (3.31)	12.59*	49.49 (2.70)	47.53 (2.78)	−1.96	46.52 (1.74)	51.12 (1.88)	4.6‡
Social activities (0–27)	15.32 (1.19)	15.61 (1.32)	0.29	18.62 (1.27)	20.91 (1.39)	2.29‡	16.11 (1.15)	17.00 (1.17)	0.89	16.68 (0.75)	17.84 (0.80)	1.16
Depressive symptoms (0–27)	4.29 (0.87)	3.08 (0.99)	−1.21	4.38 (0.92)	1.53 (1.03)	−2.85†	3.04 (0.84)	4.88 (0.87)	1.84‡	3.91 (0.54)	3.16 (0.59)	−0.75
Functional status (0–16)	14.28 (0.48)	14.66 (0.52)	0.38	14.16 (0.52)	15.46 (0.55)	1.30†	14.62 (0.46)	14.83 (0.47)	0.21	14.35 (0.30)	14.98 (0.32)	0.63*

Results are reported as mean (standard deviation) values at baseline (T1) and at the 9 week follow-up (T2) for each race/ethnicity group and for the entire sample (N=69). Change (Δ) scores represent either an increase or a decrease in score from baseline to follow-up. Negative change scores for the back pain-related disability (Roland Morris), pain intensity, and depressive symptom (PHQ-9) measures reflect improved outcomes. Positive change scores for the remaining measures indicate improved outcomes. All results are adjusted for patient age, sex, education, total number of co-morbidities, and the number of pain co-therapies employed at baseline.

^*P < 0.001;

^†p <0.01;

^‡p< 0.05.