Apigenin Inhibits NNK-induced Pancreatic Cellular Proliferation
BxPC-3 and MIA PaCa-2 cells seeded at 8,000 cells per well in 96-well plates were (A) untreated for 0, 24, 48 or 72 hrs; (B) treated with 0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 μM of NNK for 48 hr; (C) treated with 0.1 % DMSO, 50 μM of propranolol, or 100 μM of NNK combined with either 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 μM of propranolol; (D) treated with 0.1 % DMSO, 50 μM of apigenin, 100 μM of apigenin or 100 μM of NNK combined with either 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 μM of apigenin; (E) treated with 0.1 % DMSO, 1 μM of PP1 or 1 μM of FI14 combined with or without 100 μM of NNK; or (E) treated with 0.1 % DMSO, 10 μM of PD98059 or 10 μM of LY294002 combined with or without 100 μM of NNK for 48 hr prior to MTT and absorbance measurement at 550 nm. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from 3 separate experiments. Statistical significance of p<0.05 are indicated by the asterisk (*) for comparison of BxPC-3 data sets and the double asterisks (**) for comparison of MIA PaCa-2 data sets only.