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Flash-induced PBD signals and volume changes: S1 → S2 (A, A′), S2 → S3 (B, B′), 
(C, C′), and S0 → S1 (D, D′). Thin lines, experimental data; thick lines, simulations using a step-shaped function for the rapid jump caused by 
formation and single-exponential functions for the slower signal contributions. (Right) Schematic illustration of volume changes deduced from the analysis of the temperature dependence of the PBD signals (time constants for about 20 °C; see Fig. 3).
