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The effect of host plant species diversity (mono-, di- and tricultures) and the presence of mutualistic ants (two levels: presence or absence) on the abundance (mean number per plant) of associated arthropods grouped as (a) ant-tended aphids, (b) ants, (c) aphid predators and (d) non-aphid herbivores. Ant treatments were in place for four months. Final height was used as covariate in the statistical model. Least-square means ± s.e. (n = 72).
