Table 2.
Risk factors for miscarriage and stillbirth among a cohort of 1229 HIV-infected womena
| Ratio of miscarriages/Live births (per 100) | Relative risk (95% CI) | Ratio of stillbirths/Live births (per 100) | Relative risk (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Maternal Health Factors |
|
|
|
|
|
CD4 cells/mm3 |
|
|
|
|
| <350 |
24/652 (3.7) |
2.20 (1.03–4.69) |
19/647 (2.9) |
1.44 (0.69–3.00) |
| ≥350 |
9/538 (1.7) |
|
11/540 (2.0) |
|
|
Hemoglobin, g/dl |
|
|
|
|
| <10 |
12/352 (3.4) |
1.34 (0.67–2.70) |
7/347 (2.0) |
0.73 (0.31–1.68) |
| ≥10 |
21/826 (2.5) |
|
23/828 (2.8) |
|
|
Plasma viral load, copies/ml |
|
|
|
|
| ≥50,000 |
19/540 (3.5) |
1.62 (0.82–3.20) |
19/540 (3.5) |
2.05 (0.99–4.28) |
| <50,000 |
14/645 (2.2) |
|
11/642 (1.7) |
|
|
Clinical stage |
|
|
|
|
| Symptomatic |
13/459 (2.8) |
0.91 (0.47–1.78) |
20/466 (4.3) |
3.12 (1.47–6.61) |
| Asymptomatic |
23/740 (3.1) |
|
10/727 (1.4) |
|
|
Socioeconomic and Clinical Factors |
|
|
|
|
|
Age, year |
|
|
|
|
| <20 |
3/117 (2.6) |
0.89 (0.27–2.90) |
5/119 (4.2) |
1.73 (0.66–4.49) |
| 20-30 |
25/867 (2.9) |
1.0 |
21/863 (2.4) |
1.0 |
| >30 |
8/215 (3.7) |
1.29 (0.59–2.82) |
4/211 (1.9) |
0.78 (0.27–2.25) |
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
| Some (0-8th grade) |
26/755 (3.4) |
1.53 (0.74–3.14) |
22/751 (2.9) |
1.62 (0.73–3.60) |
| HS grade (≥ 9th grade) |
10/444 (2.3) |
|
8/442 (1.8) |
|
|
Electricity |
|
|
|
|
| No |
22/718 (3.1) |
1.05 (0.54–2.04) |
20/716 (2.8) |
1.33 (0.63–2.82) |
| Yes |
14/481 (2.9) |
|
10/477 (2.1) |
|
|
Previous pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
| No |
7/169 (4.1) |
1.47 (0.66–3.30) |
8/170 (4.7) |
2.19 (0.99–4.83) |
| Yes |
29/1030 (2.8) |
|
22/1023 (2.2) |
|
|
Previous miscarriages |
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
7/111 (6.3) |
2.37 (1.06–5.28) |
5/109 (4.6) |
1.99 (0.78–5.09) |
| No |
29/1059 (2.7) |
|
25/1084 (2.3) |
|
|
Previous stillbirths |
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
2/70 (2.9) |
0.95 (0.23–3.87) |
1/69 (1.5) |
0.56 (0.08–4.06) |
| No |
34/1129 (3.0) |
|
29/1124 (2.6) |
|
|
Rapid plasma reagin test |
|
|
|
|
| Positive |
5/193 (2.6) |
0.89 (0.35–2.29) |
8/196 (4.1) |
1.72 (0.78–3.81) |
| Negative | 27/932 (2.9) | 22/927 (2.4) |
a All analyses are unadjusted.