Table 3.
Baseline participant characteristics and univariate associations between characteristics and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
| Positive for any HPV |
Positive for HPV 16 and/or 18 |
Positive for HPV 6, 11, 16, and/or 18 |
Positive for ≥1 high-risk HPV typea |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # HPV+/n (%)b | OR (95% CI)c | # HPV+/n (%) | OR (95% CI) | # HPV+/n (%) | OR (95% CI) | # HPV+/n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
|
Demographic, physical
and viral characteristics |
||||||||
| Age, years | 0.94 (0.74-1.19) | 0.94 (0.72-1.22) | 0.96 (0.74-1.24) | 0.92 (0.75-1.12) | ||||
| Race/ethnicityd | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 58/79 (73.4) | 0.92 (0.27-3.17) | 13/79 (16.5) | 2.95 (0.36-24.35) | 15/79 (19.0) | 3.52 (0.43-28.73) | 45/79 (57.0) | 2.91 (0.92-9.17)e |
| Hispanic | 12/16 (75.0) | 1.00 | 1/16 (6.3) | 1.00 | 1/16 (6.3) | 1.00 | 5/16 (31.3) | 1.00 |
| Length of HIV infection (years) |
0.97 (0.78-1.20) | 1.27 (0.36-4.44) | 1.03 (0.81 - 1.32) | 0.96 (0.80 - 1.17) | ||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| Obese (≥ 30.0) | 30/40 (75.0) | 1.04 (0.37-2.94) | 7/40 (17.5) | 1.27 (0.36-4.44) | 7/40 (17.5) | 0.85 (0.27-2.71) | 20/40 (50.0) | 0.84 (0.34-2.09) |
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 17/23 (73.9) | 0.98 (0.30-3.26) | 4/23 (17.4) | 1.26 (0.30-5.30) | 4/23 (17.4) | 0.84 (0.22-3.28) | 13/23 (56.5) | 1.09 (0.38-3.16) |
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 26/35 (74.3) | 1.00 | 5/35 (14.3) | 1.00 | 7/35 (20.0) | 1.00 | 19/35 (54.3) | 1.00 |
| Knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine |
1.01 (0.98-1.04) | 0.98 (0.94-1.01) e | 0.97 (0.94-1.01) e | 0.99 (0.97-1.02) | ||||
| CD4+ T cell count (cells/mm3) |
||||||||
| <350 | 10/14 (71.4) | 0.82 (0.23-2.89) | 1/14 (7.1) | 0.36 (0.04-2.96) | 1/14 (7.1) | 0.31 (0.04-2.52) | 5/14 (35.7) | 0.43 (0.13-1.39) e |
| ≥350 | 64/85 (75.3) | 1.00 | 15/85 (17.6) | 1.00 | 17/85 (20.0) | 1.00 | 48/85 (56.5) | 1.00 |
| HIV viral load (copies/mL) | ||||||||
| ≥400 | 47/59 (79.7) | 1.89 (0.75-4.71) e | 10/59 (16.9) | 1.16 (0.38-3.48) | 12/59 (20.3) | 1.45 (0.49-4.24) | 37/59 (62.7) | 2.52 (1.11-5.75) f |
| <400 | 27/40 (67.5) | 1.00 | 6/40 (15.0) | 1.00 | 6/40 (15.0) | 1.00 | 16/40 (40.0) | 1.00 |
| Behaviors | ||||||||
| Number of male sexual partners, lifetime |
||||||||
| 11+ | 25/36 (69.4) | 0.87 (0.29-2.55) | 6/36 (16.7) | 1.73 (0.39-7.63) | 6/36 (16.7) | 0.96 (0.26-3.53) | 18/36 (50.0) | 0.81 (0.30-2.17) |
| 6-10 | 26/31 (83.9) | 1.98 (0.56-6.96) | 6/31 (19.4) | 2.08 (0.47-9.24) | 6/31 (19.4) | 1.15 (0.31-4.28) | 17/31 (54.8) | 0.99 (0.36-2.73) |
| 0-5 | 21/29 (72.4) | 1.00 | 3/29 (10.3) | 1.00 | 5/29 (17.2) | 1.00 | 16/29 (55.2) | 1.00 |
| Number of male sexual partners, past 90 days |
||||||||
| 2 | 12/16 (75.0) | 1.71 (0.41-7.14) | 3/16 (18.8) | 2.31 (0.34-15.8) | 3/16 (18.8) | 1.46 (0.25-8.40) | 9/16 (56.3) | 2.25 (0.60-8.38) |
| 1 | 47/60 (78.3) | 2.07 (0.71-5.99) | 10/60 (16.7) | 2.00 (0.40-9.95) | 11/60 (18.3) | 1.42 (0.36-5.66) | 35/60 (58.3) | 2.45 (0.89-6.72) e |
| 0 | 14/22 (63.6) | 1.00 | 2/22 (9.1) | 1.00 | 3/22 (13.6) | 1.00 | 8/22 (36.4) | 1.00 |
| Number of times had vaginal sex with a male partner, past 90 days |
||||||||
| 6+ | 32/42 (76.2) | 2.84 (0.87-9.33) e | 8/42 (19.0) | 3.76 (0.43-32.7) | 8/42 (19.0) | 1.10 (0.25-4.75) | 24/42 (57.1) | 4.33 (1.21-15.5) f |
| 1-5 | 26/33 (78.8) | 3.30 (0.93-11.7) e | 5/33 (15.2) | 2.86 (0.31-26.7) | 5/33 (15.2) | 0.83 (0.17-4.00) | 19/33 (57.6) | 4.41 (1.18-16.4) f |
| 0 | 9/17 (52.9) | 1.00 | 1/17 (5.9) | 1.00 | 3/17 (17.6) | 1.00 | 4/17 (23.5) | 1.00 |
| Number of times had vaginal sex with a male partner without a condom, past 90 days |
||||||||
| 6+ | 14/16 (87.5) | 3.20 (0.65-15.8) | 1/16 (6.3) | 0.42 (0.05-3.69) | 1/16 (6.3) | 0.31 (0.04-2.67) | 8/16 (50.0) | 1.04 (0.34-3.20) |
| 1-5 | 23/30 (76.7) | 1.50 (0.54-4.22) | 7/30 (23.3) | 1.91 (0.60-6.12) | 7/30 (23.3) | 1.42 (0.47-4.31) | 18/30 (60.0) | 1.56 (0.63-3.89) |
| 0 | 35/51 (68.6) | 1.00 | 7/51 (13.7) | 1.00 | 9/51 (17.6) | 1.00 | 25/51 (49.0) | 1.00 |
| Number of male partners with whom had sex without condom past 90 days |
||||||||
| 1+ | 32/39 (82.1) | 1.90 (0.70-5.12) | 7/39 (17.9) | 1.37 (0.45-4.14) | 7/39 (17.9) | 1.05 (0.36-3.04) | 25/39 (64.1) | 2.05 (0.89-4.72) e |
| 0 | 41/58 (70.7) | 1.00 | 8/58 (13.8) | 1.00 | 10/58 (17.2) | 1.00 | 27/58 (46.6) | 1.00 |
| Number of main sex partners, past 90 days |
||||||||
| 2+ | 4/6 (66.7) | 0.67 (0.11-3.88) | 2/6 (33.3) | 2.79 (0.47-16.7) | 2/6 (33.3) | 2.38 (0.40-14.1) | 4/6 (66.7) | 1.83 (0.32-10.5) |
| 0-1 | 69/92 (75.0) | 1.00 | 14/92 (15.2) | 1.00 | 16/92 (17.4) | 1.00 | 48/92 (52.2) | 1.00 |
| Number of casual sexual partners, past 90 days |
||||||||
| 2+ | 6/7 (85.7) | 2.15 (0.25-18.8) | 2/7 (28.6) | 2.20 (0.39-12.5) | 2/7 (28.6) | 1.88 (0.33-10.5) | 4/7 (57.1) | 1.19 (0.25-5.64) |
| 0-1 | 67/91 (73.6) | 1.00 | 14/91 (15.4) | 1.00 | 16/91 (17.6) | 1.00 | 48/91 (52.7) | 1.00 |
| Pregnancy prevention method at last sexual intercourse with main partner |
||||||||
| Others | 20/27 (74.1) | 0.95 (0.35-2.62) | 2/27 (7.4) | 0.33 (0.07-1.57)e | 3/27 (11.1) | 0.48 (0.13-1.79) | 13/27 (48.1) | 0.74 (0.31-1.80) |
| Condom | 54/72 (75.0) | 1.00 | 14/72 (19.4) | 1.00 | 15/72 (20.8) | 1.00 | 40/72 (55.6) | 1.00 |
| STIh diagnosed | ||||||||
| Trichomonas | 7/9 (77.8) | 1.17 (0.23-6.04) | 2/9 (22.2) | 1.65 (0.31-8.83) | 2/9 (22.2) | 1.39 (0.26-7.36) | 5/9 (55.6) | 1.09 (0.27-4.33) |
| Gonorrhea | N/Ag | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Chlamydia | 5/5 (100.0) | Inf (0.31-Inf)i | 1/5 (20.0) | 1.32 (0.14-12.6) | 1/5 (20.0) | 1.13 (0.12-10.8) | 5/5 (100.0) | Inf (0.82-Inf)i |
| At least one STI | 11/13 (84.6) | 2.01 (0.41-9.75) | 2/13 (15.4) | 0.94 (0.19-4.69) | 2/13 (15.4) | 0.80 (0.16-3.95) | 9/13 (69.2) | 2.15 (0.61-7.50) |
High-risk HPV was defined as HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, or 68
# HPV+ = number of HPV positive subjects; n = total number of subjects in a specific category; % = percentage of HPV positive subjects within the specific category
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval
The number of non-Hispanic White participants (N=4) was too small to generate a stable estimate; therefore, the non-Hispanic White participants were not included in this model and Hispanic was used as the reference group.
.05 ≤ p < .20. For variables with more than two categories, the overall (Type III) p-value was used to determine if the variable was eligible to be entered into the multivariable models.
.01 ≤ p < .05. For variables with more than two categories, the overall (Type III) p-value was used to determine if the variable was eligible to be entered into the multivariable models.
N/A = not applicable; unable to calculate as no participants were diagnosed with gonorrhea.
STI = sexually transmitted infection present at the time of HPV testing. The reference group was defined as negative for diagnosis of an STI.
Due to zero cell frequencies in some cells, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for these variables were calculated using exact logistic regression.