Table 1.

Table showing co-transmitters in the peripheral and central nervous systems [Modified from Abbracchio et al. (2009), with permission]

	Co-transmitters	References
Peripheral nervous system
Sympathetic nerves	ATP + NA + NPY	Westfall et al., 1978; Burnstock, 1990
Parasympathetic nerves	ATP + Ach + VIP	Hoyle, 1996
Sensory-motor	ATP + CGRP + SP	Burnstock, 1993
NANC enteric nerves	ATP + NO + VIP	Belai and Burnstock, 1994; Burnstock, 2001
Motor nerves (in early development)	ATP + ACh	Silinsky and Hubbard, 1973; Henning, 1997
Central nervous system
Cortex, caudate nucleus	ATP + ACh	Richardson and Brown, 1987
Hypothalamus, locus coeruleus	ATP + NA	Sperlágh et al., 1998; Poelchen et al., 2001
Hypothalamus, dorsal horn, retina	ATP + GABA	Jo and Role, 2002
Mesolimbic system	ATP + DA	Krügel et al., 2003
Hippocampus, dorsal horn	ATP + glutamate	Mori et al., 2001; Fujii et al., 2004

CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.