(Panels A, B) Examples of relationships between capacitance (nF) and the distance (cm) between the plant electrode and the solution surface (panel A) and the fresh mass (mg) of submerged root tissue when roots were raised incrementally out of solution (panel B) (see Fig. 3B left). Data are shown for a whole root system (● ), an excised seminal root (▲), and an excised nodal root (■) from a survey of four whole root systems and 10 individual roots. (Panel C) The relationship between capacitance (C) and the reciprocal of the distance (1/D) between plant electrode and solution surface. The linear regression was forced through the origin and was for the root system C = (186.43±12.02)/D (mean ± SE, n = 11, R
2 = 0.949, P < 0.0001), for the seminal root system C = (22.96±1.48)/D (mean ± SE, n = 14, R
2 = 0.936, P < 0.0001), and for the nodal root C = (10.82±0.96)/D (mean ± SE, n = 8, R
2 = 0.925, P < 0.0001). (Panel D) The relationship between capacitance measured after (C
a) and before (C
b) complete trimming of the submerged root (see Fig. 3B right). The linear regression was C
a = (0.997±0.002) × C
b + (0.323±0.364) (mean ± SE, n = 14, R
2 = 1.000). Data are shown for four whole root systems (● ), two excised seminal roots (▲) and eight excised nodal roots (■). Data represent the mean ± SD of three repeated measurements.