FIGURE 7.

Effects of GdA-induced IL-6 production in macrophages on IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokine production in T-helper cells. Macrophages were treated with GdA (10 μg/ml) for 48 h and washed before co-culture with autologous T-helper cells in a co-culture insert with or without anti-IL-6 antibody for 42 h. Phorbol myristate acetate (50 ng/ml), ionomycin (1 μg/ml), and brefeldin A (3 μg/ml) were then added to activate the T-helper cells after removal of the macrophages. Intracellular IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokine stainings were performed on the T-helper cells. Data are the mean ± S.E. (n = 4). *, p < 0.05 compared with the T-helper cell/macrophage co-culture group.