FIGURE 4.

Decreased mitochondrial ROS in LDHA- and PDK 1-overexpressing cells. Top panels, mitochondrial ROS production was measured in B12 cell lines following labeling with the red fluorescent dye MitoTracker-ROS Red (MTR). B12 clonal cell lines overexpressing PDK1 or LDHA exhibited a significant reduction in mitochondrial ROS (red) compared with the parental (pcDNA) cell line expressing the empty vector under both normal culture conditions and following exposure to Aβ(25–35)(20 μm), H₂O₂ (200 μm), or staurosporine (200 ng/ml) for the indicated time periods. Nuclei were stained with Hoescht (blue) and visualized by fluorescence microscopy at ×400 magnification. Bottom panels, quantification of MTR fluorescent images revealed that mitochondrial ROS production was significantly decreased in PDK1- or LDHA-overexpressing cell lines compared with the pcDNA control line (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01). Data presented are the average of three independent experiments.