Table 2.
Number of external validity items reported in each study by domain
| Author year | Study design | Internal validity grade |
External validity domains (maximum possible score) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reach & representat’n (4) | Implementat’n & adaptation (4) | Outcomes (5) | Maintenance & institutionalisat’n (4) | Total (17) | |||
|
Intervention: Warmth & Energy Efficiency improvements (post 1980) (n = 19) | |||||||
| Heyman et al. 2010 |
RCT |
A |
1 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
| Braubach et al. 2008 |
CBA |
A |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
| Howden-Chapman et al. 2008 |
RCT |
A |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
| Barton et al. 2007 |
RCT |
A |
2 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
| Howden-Chapman et al. 2007 |
RCT |
A |
2 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
6 |
| Platt et al. 2007 |
CBA |
A |
1 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
8 |
| Lloyd et al. 2008 |
CBA |
B |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2 |
6 |
| Shortt et al. 2007 |
CBA |
B |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
8 |
| Somerville et al. 2000 |
UBA |
B |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
| Hopton et al. 1996 |
CBA |
B |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
5 |
| Warm Front Study Group 2006 |
RC |
C |
1 |
1 |
5 |
0 |
7 |
| Allen 2005 a |
UBA |
C |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
6 |
| Allen 2005 b |
UBA |
C |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
| Health Action Kirklees 2005 |
R |
C |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
| Eick et al. 2004 |
RCT |
C |
2 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
9 |
| Winder et al. 2003 |
UBA |
C |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
| Caldwell et al. 2001 |
CBA |
C |
2 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
9 |
| Green et al. 1999 |
RC |
C |
1 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
4 |
| Iversen et al. 1986 |
CBA |
C |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
|
Mean (range) |
|
|
1.47 (1–2) |
0.84 (0–2) |
2.37 (0–4) |
1.26 (0–2) |
5.95 (2–9) |
|
Intervention: Rehousing/retrofitting +/− neighbourhood renewal (post 1995) (n = 10) | |||||||
| Kearns et al. 2008 |
CBA |
A |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
7 |
| Thomson et al. 2007 |
CBA |
A |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
6 |
| Critchley et al. 2004 |
CBA |
A |
0 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
6 |
| Thomas et al. 2005 |
CBA |
B |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
| Barnes et al. 2003 |
CBA |
B |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
6 |
| Evans et al. 2002 |
CBA |
B |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
| Blackman et al. 2001 |
UBA |
C |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
6 |
| Wells 2000 |
UBA |
C |
2 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
| Ambrose 1999 |
UBA |
C |
2 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
| Halpern 1995 |
XUBA |
C |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
6 |
|
Mean (range) |
|
|
1.6 (0–2) |
0.50 (0–1) |
2.40 (1–4) |
1.50 (0–2) |
6 (3–8) |
|
Intervention: Provision of basic housing needs/developing country intervention (n = 6) | |||||||
| Cattaneo et al. 2006 |
RC |
B |
2 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
| Choudhary et al. 2002 |
RC |
B |
1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
6 |
| Aga Khan Health Service 2001 |
XCBA |
B |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
5 |
| Spiegel et al. 2003 |
XCBA |
C |
2 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
| Aiga et al. 2002 |
XCBA |
C |
1 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
5 |
| Wolff et al. 2001 |
XCBA |
C |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
5 |
|
Mean (range) |
|
|
1.50 (1–2) |
0.67 (0–1) |
2.67 (1–4) |
0.83 (0–1) |
5.5 (4–8) |
|
Intervention: Rehousing from slums (pre 1965) (n = 4) | |||||||
| Wilner et al. 1960 |
CBA |
A |
2 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
| McGonigle et al. 1936 |
XCBA |
B |
2 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
| Ferguson 1954 |
RC |
C |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
| Chapin 1938 |
UBA |
C |
2 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
9 |
|
Mean (range) |
|
|
1.75 (1–2) |
0.75 (0–1) |
3.00 (2–4) |
1.50 (1–2) |
7.00 (3–9) |
| TOTAL (n = 39 studies) MEAN (range) | 1.54 (0–2) | 0.72 (0–2) | 2.49 (0–4) | 1.28 (0–2) | 6.00 (2–9) | ||
Study design: RCT: Randomised Controlled Trial; CBA: Controlled Before & After; UBA: Uncontrolled Before & After; XCBA: Cross-sectional Controlled Before & After; XUBA: Cross-sectional Uncontrolled Before & After; RC: Retrospective controlled; R: Retrospective uncontrolled.
List of references available in reference 4 or from the author.