Table 3.
Preclinical and clinical studies investigating the antipsychotic properties of CBD. ↓, antipsychotic-like effects; BPRS, brief psychiatric rating scale; CADSS, clinician administered dissociative states scale; PANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale; PPQ, Parkinson psychosis questionnaire.
| model | species | effective doses | CBD effects | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| studies with laboratory animals | ||||
| apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour | rat | 60 mg kg−1 | ↓ | [91] |
| d-amphetamine- and ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion | mouse | 15–60 mg kg−1 | ↓ | [92] |
| MK-801-induced disruption of PPI | mouse | 5 mg kg−1 | ↓ | [93] |
| d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion | mouse | 50 mg kg−1 (chronic – 21 days) | ↓ | [97] |
| MK-801-induced social withdrawal and isruption of PPI | rat | 3–30 mg kg−1 | ↓ | [99] |
| MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion and deficits in social interaction and | rat | 3 mg kg−1 | ↓ | [94] |
| locomotor hyperactivity and PPI | Nrg 1 mutant mouse | 1, 50 and 100 mg kg−1 | no effects | [98] |
| model/measures | subjects (n) | doses | CBD effects | references |
| clinical studies | ||||
| THC-induced impairment of time production task | healthy male volunteers (40) | 15–60 mg (acute) | ↓ | [87] |
| THC-induced euphoria | healthy male volunteers (15) | 0.15 mg kg−1 (inhalation; acute) | ↓ | [88] |
| THC-induced psychotic symptoms | healthy male volunteers (eight) | 1 mg kg−1 (acute) | ↓ | [31] |
| nabilone-induced impairment of perception of binocular depth inversion | healthy male volunteers (nine) | 200 mg (acute) | ↓ | [100] |
| THC-induced psychotic symptoms (PANSS) | healthy male and female volunteers (six) | 5 mg (iv, acute) | ↓ | [101] |
| ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms (BPRS and CADSS) | healthy male volunteers (10) | 600 mg (acute) | ↓ (trend) | [102] |
| psychotic symptoms (BPRS) | schizophrenic female patient (one) | increasing oral doses of CBD, reaching 1500 mg d−1 (four weeks) | ↓ | [103] |
| psychotic symptoms (BPRS) | male patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (three) | increased from 40 up to 1280 mg d−1 (30 days) | one patient showed mild improvement | [104] |
| l-dopa-induced psychosis (BPRS and PPQ) | Parkinson's disease patients (six) | increased from 150 up to 600 mg d−1 depending on the clinical response (four weeks) | ↓ | [105] |
| psychotic symptoms (BPRS and PANSS) | acute paranoid schizophrenia patients (42) | 600 mg d−1 (four weeks) | ↓ | [34] |
| Stroop Colour Word Test | schizophrenic patients (28) | 300 and 600 mg (acute) | no effect | [106] |