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Effect of wing damping. (a) Braking acceleration owing to wing damping. Acceleration was calculated according equation (3.3), colour coded and plotted as a function of pitch angle θ and air speed vair. (b) Stroke-averaged force angle in the body frame of reference (γBF). γBF was calculated as a function of air speed according to equation (3.4). Black line, median γBF; shaded area, γBF interquartile range.
