TABLE 1—
Health Domain | Public Policy or Law | Evidence | Data Sources |
Alcohol regulations | Minimum legal drinking age (21 years) | References 34, 54–62 | References 53, 58, 63–65 |
Beer keg registration requirement | |||
Beer tax (above yearly median) | |||
Host legal liability (i.e., dram shop laws) | |||
Sunday sales restrictions | |||
Drunk and risky driving | Zero tolerance laws (lower blood alcohol content for individuals younger than 21 years) | References 66–75 | References 51, 53, 65, 76, 77 |
Blood alcohol levels < 0.08% | |||
Open container laws | |||
Graduated driver’s license requirements | |||
Mandatory prison days for driving under the influence offenses | |||
Speed limits (< 60 mph) | |||
Tobacco and smoking | Clean indoor air: restaurants | References 78, 79 | References 52, 80, 81 |
Clean indoor air: bars | |||
Clean indoor air: worksites | |||
Restrictions on cigarette advertising | |||
Cigarette taxes (above national yearly median) | |||
Firearms | Juvenile sales restrictions | References 82, 83 | References 84–86 |
Gun safety locks | |||
Secondary sale background checks | |||
Concealed weapons restrictions | |||
Mandatory wait periods | |||
Passenger and driver safety | Adult seatbelt requirements | References 54, 87–92 | References 77, 93–95 |
Seatbelt primary enforcement | |||
Child restraint device requirements | |||
Fines for failure to use seatbelt | |||
Reduced legal liability for failure to use seatbelt | |||
Motorcycle helmet requirements for all riders |
Note. This list of policies is not exhaustive. It contains only policies for which there is peer-reviewed evidence of effectiveness and impact on health outcomes and for which data are publicly available for all states and years.