| IRZ |
Inferior root of zygomatic bone in lateral view |
Face |
Zygomatic |
Origin of masseter muscle. Provides a measure of the height of arch. Area of maximum strain during molar, premolar and postcanine teeth biting (Richmond et al. [160]) in Macaca fascicularis and Au. africanus (Strait et al. [135]). |
Type II |
| SRZ |
Superior root of zygomatic bone in lateral view |
Face |
Zygomatic |
Origin of masseter muscle. Provides a measure of the height of arch. Area of maximum strain, during molar, premolar and postcanine teeth biting (Richmond et al. [160] in Macaca fascicularis and Au.africanus (Strait et al. [135]). |
Type II |
| ZI |
Zygomaxillare inferior |
Face |
Zygomatic |
Easily identifiable. Zone of maximum strain during molar, premolar and postcanine dentition biting (Strait et al. [135]). |
Type I |
| ZS |
Zygomaxillare superior |
Face |
Zygomatic |
Easily identifiable. Zone of maximum strain during molar, premolar and postcanine dentition biting (Strait et al. [135]). |
Type I |
| TMJ |
The center of the temporo-mandibular joint |
Face |
Zygomatic |
One of the parameters determining the maximum bite force. TMJ is a load-bearing joint subject to high strains (Hylander [161], Spencer [39]). |
Type II |
| ALV |
Alveolare |
Face |
Oral |
Area of high strain during incisor biting. |
Type I |
| I1 |
The alveolar margin of the first incisor at its buccal surface |
Face |
Oral |
Measures the antero-posterior position of the first incisors, and incisor cross-sectional area. |
Type I |
| SUBN |
Nasospinale: meeting of the two premaxillary bones in the midline at the inferior-most margin of the nasal aperture |
Face |
Oral |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. Zone of moderate strain during postcanine dentition biting in Macaca fascicularis (Richmond et al. [160]) and Au. africanus (Strait et al. [135]). |
Type I |
| I2/C |
Premaxillary suture at the inferior margin of the nasal aperture in the midline |
Face |
Oral |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. Zone of moderate strain during postcanine dentition biting (Strait et al. [135]). |
Type I |
| PAL |
Mid-palatal point at the level of M1 |
Face |
Oral |
Provides a measure of palatal depth. |
Type II |
| M1 |
P4/M1 contact at lingual alveolar surface |
Face |
Oral |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. Indicates the position of a bite point. |
Type I |
| M2 |
M1/M2 contact at lingual alveolar surface |
Face |
Oral |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. Indicates the position of a bite point. |
Type I |
| M3 |
Landmark immediately posterior of the M3 |
Face |
Oral |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. Indicates the position of a bite point. |
Type I |
| SPHB |
Sphenobasion, the meeting of the spheno-occipical suture with the petrous temporal bone |
Neurocranium |
Basicranium |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. |
Type I |
| APET |
The apex of the petrous pyramid of the temporal bone |
Neurocranium |
Basicranium |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. |
Type I |
| SPHT |
The meeting of the sphenotemporal suture with the petrous pyramid |
Neurocranium |
Basicranium |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. |
Type I |
| PYRS |
The contact between the petrous pyramid and the posterior-most aspect of the external auditory meatus |
Neurocranium |
Basicranium |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. |
Type I |
| PYRI |
Temporo-parietal-occipital junction |
Neurocranium |
Basicranium |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. |
Type I |
| BAS |
Basion, the anterior-most point at the foramen magnum |
Neurocranium |
Basicranium |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. |
Type I |
| OPI |
Opisthion, the posterior-most point at the foramen magnum |
Neurocranium |
Basicranium |
Easily identifiable developmental homology. |
Type I |
