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Intraoperative images showing an exposed caudal disc (A) and the sutured annulus fibrosus (B). After implanted with engineered nucleus pulposus (NP) (from either a nanofibrous [NF] scaffold or a solid-walled [SW] scaffold), the annulus is closed carefully with 6.0 resorbable sutures. In the sham control group, the NP was removed and the annulus was closed without any implant. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea
