Table 4.
ORs and province- and community-level variance for diabetes prevalence across total urbanisation and its componentsa,b
| Urbanisation level or component | Men | Women | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | Province | Community | OR (95% CI) | p value | Province | Community | |||||
| Variance (SE) | ICC | Variance (SE) | ICC | Variance (SE) | ICC | Variance (SE) | ICC | |||||
| Total urbanisation levelc | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1 | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.04 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 | 1 | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.02 | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.03 | ||
| Medium | 1.50 (1.08, 2.08) | 0.02 | 1.52 (1.04, 2.21) | 0.03 | ||||||||
| High | 2.02 (1.47, 2.78) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.35, 2.79) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 12 urbanisation index componentsd | ||||||||||||
| Population density | 1.27 (1.08, 1.50) | 0.005 | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.04 | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.00 | 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) | 0.09 | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.05 |
| Social services | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 0.16 | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.04 | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.01 | 1.22 (1.05, 1.43) | 0.01 | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.02 | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.04 |
| Health infrastructure | 1.39 (1.07, 1.81) | 0.01 | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.03 | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.01 | 1.19 (0.88, 1.60) | 0.25 | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.18 (0.10) | 0.05 |
| Modern markets | 1.49 (1.17, 1.91)e | 0.001 | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.04 | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.01 | 1.46 (1.10, 1.94) | 0.008 | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.04 |
| Traditional markets | 1.30 (1.03, 1.64) | 0.03 | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.04 | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.01 | 1.33 (1.01, 1.74) | 0.04 | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.02 | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.04 |
| Transportation infrastructure | 1.11 (1.01, 1.22) | 0.04 | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.04 | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.01 | 1.18 (1.06, 1.32) | 0.004 | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.04 |
| Communications | 1.48 (1.22, 1.79)e | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.04 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 | 1.36 (1.10, 1.69) | 0.005 | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.02 | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.04 |
| Housing infrastructure | 1.61 (1.27, 2.05)e | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.04 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 | 1.32 (1.00, 1.73) | 0.05 | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.05 |
| Sanitation | 1.59 (1.23, 2.06)e | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.04 | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.00 | 1.59 (1.19, 2.12)e | 0.002 | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.04 |
| Economic activity | 1.51 (1.19, 1.91)e | 0.001 | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.04 | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.00 | 1.25 (0.95, 1.63) | 0.11 | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.05 |
| Education | 1.29 (1.15, 1.46)e | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.03 | 0.00 (0.07) | 0.00 | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) | 0.22 | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.02 | 0.18 (0.10) | 0.05 |
| Education and income diversity | 1.42 (1.20, 1.66)e | <0.001 | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.03 | 0.00 (0.08) | 0.00 | 1.14 (0.94, 1.39) | 0.18 | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.18 (0.10) | 0.05 |
aTwenty-six separate sex-stratified multilevel models for total urbanisation and its components
bDiabetes defined as a FBG ≥7.0 mmol/l or doctor diagnosis of diabetes
cORs for diabetes prevalence presented for medium (59.0–82.2) and high (≥82.3) (range 30.4–106.6) relative to low urbanisation level (<59.0)
dORs for diabetes prevalence presented for the 75th (high) relative to the 25th (low) percentile of each of the 12 urbanisation index components
eOR statistically significant at Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.002 (type 1 error rate = 0.05 across 24 models) by two-tailed z test