Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics in 1997–1999 of Participants of the Rancho Bernardo Study
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| Coronary artery calcium score (from 2000–2001) | ||||||
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| Characteristic | All (n=421) | ≤ 10 n=141(33%) | 11–100 n=89 (21%) | 101–399 n=92 (22%) | ≥ 400 n=99 (24%) | P value for trend |
| Coronary Artery Calcium Scorea | 77 (1.0–357) | 0 (0–1.2) | 43 (22–73) | 185 (141–254) | 815 (523–1389) | n/a |
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| Age (years) | 67 (7) | 63 (6) | 68 (7) | 69 (7) | 72 (6) | <0.001 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 130 (19) | 125 (17) | 130 (18) | 132 (17) | 137 (24) | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 26 (4) | 26 (4) | 26 (4) | 27 (4) | 27 (4) | 0.13 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | 104 (22) | 98 (10) | 103 (15) | 108 (25) | 109 (33) | <0.001 |
| Low Density Lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 123 (30) | 121 (29) | 123 (29) | 118 (30) | 129 (32) | 0.13 |
| High Density Lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 59 (17) | 64 (17) | 60 (18) | 54 (14) | 55 (15) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 129 (68) | 128 (70) | 124 (64) | 140 (76) | 126 (62) | 0.26 |
| Serum Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.0 (0.4) | 9.0 (0.3) | 9.1 (0.4) | 9.1 (0.3) | 9.1 (0.4) | 0.02 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 44 (15) | 43 (13) | 44 (12) | 44 (18) | 45 (14) | 0.37 |
| 1,25(OH)2D (pg/mL) | 34 (19) | 34 (14) | 36 (20) | 36 (24) | 33 (18) | 0.68 |
| Intact Parathyroid Hormone (pg/mL) | 49 (23) | 48 (19) | 55 (36) | 49 (20) | 47 (18) | 0.73 |
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 78 (17) | 78 (17) | 79 (18) | 78 (16) | 77 (17) | 0.70 |
| Urine Albumin/Creatinine (mg/g)a | 10 (6–17) | 11 (6–18) | 10 (6–17) | 9 (6–14) | 10 (6–17) | 0.70 |
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| Female | 222 (53%) | 108 (77%) | 51 (57%) | 41 (45%) | 22 (22%) | <0.001 |
| Exercise Three Times Per Week or More | 323 (77%) | 101 (72%) | 69 (78%) | 73 (79%) | 80 (81%) | 0.34 |
| Current Smoker | 22 (5%) | 7 (5%) | 5 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 7 (7%) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 33 (8%) | 3 (7%) | 7 (8%) | 13 (14%) | 10 (10%) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 241 (57%) | 61 (43%) | 54 (61%) | 58 (63%) | 68 (69%) | <0.001 |
| Current Use Any Anti-Hypertensive Med | 118 (28%) | 26 (19%) | 27 (31%) | 29 (31%) | 36 (36%) | 0.012 |
| Current Use Any Statin | 93 (22%) | 18 (13%) | 19 (22%) | 25 (27%) | 31 (31%) | <0.01 |
| Current Use Any Lipid Lowering Med | 158 (38%) | 43 (31%) | 30 (34%) | 41 (45%) | 44 (44%) | 0.06 |
| Current Use Calcium Supplement | 178 (42%) | 75 (53%) | 37 (42%) | 35 (38%) | 31 (31%) | <0.01 |
| Current Use Vitamin D Supplement | 96 (23%) | 36 (26%) | 21 (24%) | 22 (24%) | 17 (17%) | 0.48 |
Values for continuous variables are mean (SD) or amedian (25–75%ile) for skewed variables and for categorical variables are number of participants (percentages); P value for Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and Pearson chi-square for categorical variables; SI Conversion Factors: To convert serum creatinine in mg/dL to μmol/L, multiply by 88.4; 25(OH)D to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 2.496, 1,25(OH)2D to picomoles per liter, multiply by 2.6, intact parathyroid hormone to nanograms per liter, multiply by 1.0