TABLE 6.
HLM Results Examining the Effect of SWPBIS on Office Discipline Referrals and Suspensions
| Predictor Variables | Received Office Discipline Referral | Received Out-of-School Suspension | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | CI | AOR | CI | |
| Student-level variables | ||||
| Grade cohort | 0.67*** | (0.57–0.79) | 0.73** | (0.59–0.91) |
| Gender | 3.58*** | (3.21–4.00) | 4.69*** | (4.04–5.44) |
| Ethnicity (black) | 2.09*** | (1.80–2.42) | 2.56*** | (2.18–3.01) |
| Special ed | 1.59*** | (1.39–1.81) | 2.09*** | (1.82–2.41) |
| FARMS | 1.68*** | (1.52–1.86) | 1.61*** | (1.38–1.88) |
| School-level variables | ||||
| SWPBIS intervention | 0.66** | (0.49–0.89) | 0.97 | (0.69–1.36) |
| Student mobility | 1.00 | (0.98–1.02) | 1.02 | (0.99–1.04) |
| Student/teacher ratio | 0.99 | (0.97–1.03) | 1.02 | (0.99–1.05) |
| Enrollment | 0.87*** | (0.82–0.93) | 1.04 | (0.92–1.17) |
| Faculty turnover | 1.02 | (0.99–1.04) | 1.02 | (0.99–1.05) |
| Post hoc cross-level interactions | ||||
| Grade cohort × SWPBIS | .78 | (0.57–1.08) | 0.72 | (0.47–1.10) |
| Gender × SWPBIS | 1.27* | (1.04–1.56) | 1.29 | (0.97–1.73) |
| Special ed status × SWPBIS | 0.96 | (0.75–1.24) | 1.34 | (0.99–1.79) |
SWPBIS was coded 1 (intervention), 0 (comparison). FARMS indicates free or reduced-price meals status. Gender was coded 1 (male), 0 (female). Ethnicity was coded 1(Black), 0 (all others). Grade cohort indicates the grade the youth was in when the trial began, coded 1 (kindergarten), 0 (grades 1 or 2). CI = 95% confidence interval. Ed, education. *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.