TABLE 1—
Tests, Health Outcomes, and Diagnostic Criteria: Adult Health Outcomes for Abused and Neglected Children and Matched Controls, Midwestern United States, 2003–2005
| Health Outcomes | Description | Measure | Control Group, Mean (SD) | Abuse and Neglect Group, Mean (SD) |
| Kidney and liver disease | g/dL; indicates nutritional status, including protein deficiency and liver function | Albumin | 4.34 (0.34) | 4.27 (0.30) |
| Kidney disease | mg/dL | BUN | 13.62 (4.14) | 13.82 (4.50) |
| Heart disease | ≥ 0.1 mg/L is above normal (coded “2”) and < 0.1 mg/L is normal (coded “1”) | CRP | 3.62 (14.43) | 3.45 (11.89) |
| Poor glycemic control (diabetes) | ≥ 6.0% is above normal (coded “1”); < 6.0% is normal (coded “0”) | HbA1C | 5.45 (0.67) | 5.53 (0.98) |
| Anemia | For women, hemoglobin < 12.0 g/dL or hematocrit < 37.0% coded “1”; higher values coded “0”; for men, hemoglobin < 14.0 g/dL or hematocrit < 42.0% coded “1”; higher values coded “0” | Women: Hemoglobin | 12.97 (1.65) | 13.44 (1.31) |
| Hematocrit | 38.78 (4.70) | 40.45 (3.84) | ||
| Men: Hemoglobin | 15.22 (1.11) | 15.05 (0.85) | ||
| Hematocrit | 45.14 (3.60) | 44.80 (2.97) | ||
| Malnutrition | BMI ≤ 18.4 kg/m2 or lymphocyte count < 171.8 (low quartile) or albumin < 3 g/dL | BMI | 29.48 (7.13) | 30.07 (8.10) |
| WBC | 7.27 (2.59) | 7.21 (2.54) | ||
| Lymphocytes | 34.99 (13.24) | 33.88 (11.43) | ||
| WBC*lymphocytes | 240.11 (108.33) | 233.70 (89.21) | ||
| Albumin | 4.34 (0.34) | 4.27 (0.30) | ||
| Hepatitis C | Positive coded “1”; negative coded “0.” | Hepatitis C antibody | ||
| HIV | Positive on both the EIA and WB tests coded “1”; not positive coded “0” | EIA, WB | ||
| Syphilis | Positive on both the RPR test and FTA test coded “1”; negative coded “0” | RPR, FTA | ||
| Lung disease | Height and gender were used to categorize the highest of 3 readings (L/min) from the full range peak airflow meter (Respironics model no. HS755), low coded “1”; normal or high coded “0” | Peak airflow | 445.75 (113.11) | 421.66 (122.26) |
| Hypertension | Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg averaged over 2 assessments separated by about 5 min; high coded “1,” low or normal coded “0” | Systolic blood pressure | 128.50 (16.67) | 127.86 (20.28) |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 82.13 (11.54) | 82.18 (12.70) | ||
| Tuberculosis | Mantoux (purified protein derivative) test; reading of 5–9 mL inclusive with high risk, 10–14 mL with high or moderate risk, or ≥ 15 mL coded “1” (positive); others coded “0” (negative). | Mantoux | 0.48 (1.24) | 1.05 (4.28) |
| Hearing | Weber and Rinne tests | Hearing test | ||
| Oral health | Problems with tooth decay (any teeth with suspicious areas), evidence of gum problems or disease (plaque or bleeding), or a soft tissue condition (abnormalities such as cracking, discolorations, growths on tongue or inside of mouth) coded “1”; no significant findings coded “0” | Oral examination | ||
| Vision | 20/20 for both eyes (tested separately; with glasses or contacts, if needed) coded “0”; otherwise coded “1” | Acuity test |
Note. BMI = body mass index; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CRP = C-reactive protein; EIA = enzyme immune assay; FTA = fluorescent treponemal antibody; HbA1C = hemoglobin A1C; RPR = rapid plasma reagin; WB = Western blot; WBC = white blood cell count.