TABLE 2—
Blood Test Results: Adult Health Outcomes for Abused and Neglected Children and Matched Controls, Midwestern United States, 2003–2005
| Control Group, No., %, or Mean ±SD | Abuse and Neglect Group |
Physical Abuse Group |
Sexual Abuse Group |
Neglect Group |
|||||
| Health Outcome | No., %, or Mean ±SD | OR (95% CI) or B | No., %, or Mean ±SD | OR (95% CI) or B | No., %, or Mean ±SD | OR (95% CI) or B | No., %, or Mean ±SD | OR (95% CI) or B | |
| CRP | |||||||||
| No. | 237 | 338 | 57 | 47 | 275 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 24.5 | 29.9 | 1.29 (0.88, 1.89) | 29.8 | 1.31 (0.69, 2.49) | 38.3 | 1.92** (0.99, 3.70) | 29.8 | 1.30 (0.88, 1.93) |
| Age, race, gender | 1.27 (0.86, 1.87) | 1.60 (0.81, 3.15) | 1.63 (0.81, 3.29) | 1.31 (0.88, 1.96) | |||||
| All control variables | 1.26 (0.82, 1.92) | 1.88* (0.88, 3.99) | 1.67 (0.80, 3.48) | 1.30 (0.83, 2.04) | |||||
| HbA1C | |||||||||
| No. | 238 | 338 | 56 | 47 | 276 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 9.2 | 16.0 | 1.91** (1.12, 3.26) | 16.1 | 1.88 (0.81, 4.34) | 14.9 | 1.72 (0.69, 4.29) | 15.9 | 1.83** (1.06, 3.16) |
| Age, race, gender | 1.93** (1.12, 3.32) | 2.35* (0.95, 5.79) | 2.05 (0.76, 5.59) | 1.91** (1.10, 3.33) | |||||
| All control variables | 1.81** (1.02, 3.23) | 3.26** (1.19, 8.96) | 1.93 (0.70, 5.36) | 2.89** (1.02, 3.47) | |||||
| Anemia | |||||||||
| No. | 236 | 332 | 55 | 47 | 271 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 28.4 | 17.8 | 0.54*** (0.36, 0.80) | 14.5 | 0.43** (0.19, 0.96) | 17.0 | 0.52 (0.23, 1.17) | 19.2 | 0.60** (0.40, 0.92) |
| Age, race, gender | 0.53*** (0.35, 0.80) | 0.52 (0.23, 1.18) | 0.51 (0.22, 1.21) | 0.60** (0.40, 0.92) | |||||
| All control variables | 0.54*** (0.35, 0.85) | 0.56 (0.23, 1.34) | 0.48 (0.20, 1.17) | 0.59** (0.37, 0.95) | |||||
| Malnutrition | |||||||||
| No. | 232 | 334 | 56 | 47 | 272 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 23.3 | 27.5 | 1.30 (0.87, 1.93) | 41.1 | 2.30*** (1.24, 4.24) | 34.0 | 1.70 (0.87, 3.34) | 25.7 | 1.13 (0.75, 1.70) |
| Age, race, gender | 1.29 (0.87, 1.93) | 2.39*** (1.27, 4.49) | 1.65 (0.81, 3.36) | 1.12 (0.74, 1.69) | |||||
| All control variables | 1.51* (0.98, 2.33) | 3.16† (1.53, 6.50) | 2.16** (1.02, 4.61) | 1.39 (0.87, 2.21) | |||||
| Hepatitis C | |||||||||
| No. | 231 | 334 | 57 | 46 | 272 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 7.4 | 10.5 | 1.43 (0.78, 2.62) | 8.8 | 1.21 (0.43, 3.43) | 15.2 | 2.26 (0.88 5.81) | 9.9 | 1.40 (0.74, 2.64) |
| Age, race, gender | 1.44 (0.78, 2.67) | 0.98 (0.33, 2.92) | 2.76* (0.97, 7.88) | 1.42 (0.75, 2.70) | |||||
| All control variables | 1.26 (0.65, 2.44) | 0.99 (0.30, 3.26) | 2.16 (0.71, 6.59) | 1.18 (0.59, 2.38) | |||||
| HIV | |||||||||
| No. | 235 | 335 | 56 | 46 | 272 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 0.4 | 2.1 | 4.88 (0.60, 39.96) | 1.8 | 4.26 (0.26, 69.08) | 2.2 | 5.20 (0.32, 84.67) | 1.8 | 3.52 (0.39, 31.70) |
| Age, race, gender | 5.14 (0.62, 42.52) | 6.18 (0.29, 132.15) | 5.23 (0.26, 106.58) | 3.87 (0.42, 35.66) | |||||
| All control variables | 5.45 (0.57, 52.66) | NE | 7.09 (0.27, 184.56) | 4.29 (0.40, 45.57) | |||||
| Syphilis | |||||||||
| No. | 234 | 338 | 57 | 47 | 275 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.68 (0.09, 4.83) | 1.8 | 2.07 (0.19, 23.25) | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.86 (0.12, 6.13) | |
| Age, race, gender | 0.71 (0.10, 5.15) | 3.14 (0.24, 41.46) | 0.90 (0.12, 6.55) | ||||||
| All control variables | 0.55 (0.07, 4.58) | 6.28 (0.25, 155.98) | 0.67 (0.08, 5.68) | ||||||
| Albumin/dL | |||||||||
| No. | 236 | 338 | 57 | 47 | 275 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 4.34 ±0.34 | 4.27 ±0.30 | −0.120*** | 4.25 ±0.32 | −0.110* | 4.24 ±0.28 | −0.120** | 4.27 ±0.29 | −0.110*** |
| Age, race, gender | −0.110*** | −0.130** | −0.050 | −0.110*** | |||||
| All control variables | −0.090** | −0.140** | −0.040 | −0.100** | |||||
| BUN mg/dL | |||||||||
| No. | 238 | 338 | 57 | 47 | 275 | ||||
| Unadjusted, % | 13.62 ±4.14 | 13.82 ±4.50 | 0.020 | 15.60 ±4.45 | 0.180† | 13.09 ±4.07 | −0.050 | 13.66 ±4.56 | 0.010 |
| Age, race, gender | 0.030 | 0.180† | 0.001 | 0.010 | |||||
| All control variables | 0.060 | 0.200† | −0.010 | 0.050 | |||||
Note. BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CI = confidence interval; CRP = C-reactive protein; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1C; OR = odds ratio. Percentages refer to the presence of an out of acceptable range blood test score. Line 1 = unadjusted; line 2 = adjusted with controls for age, gender, and race; and line 3 = adjusted with all control variables, including age, race, and gender; childhood socioeconomic status (according to report of parents’ receiving welfare when the person was a child); adult socioeconomic status (earnings at interview 3, $0 coded as “0”; < $25 000 coded as “1”; $25 000– < $50 000 coded as “2”; ≥ $50 000 coded as “3”; if missing earnings but a high school graduate and holding a full-time job, case was coded “2”); unhealthy behaviors (count 0–3: alcohol or drug abuse diagnosis at interview 1 or body mass index [defined as weight in kg divided by the square of height in m] at overweight level at interview 3); smoking (pack-years—the usual current number or when the person last smoked regularly); and number of mental health problems (diagnosis of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder or none at first interview, 0, 1, or 2).
*P < .1; **P < .05; ***P < .01; †P < .001.