TABLE 1—

Number of Studies of Mechanical Workplace Risk Factors and Low Back Pain With Algorithmic Translation Exposure–Outcome Combinations

	Trunk Flexion			Nonneutral Trunk			Large Trunk Flexion			Trunk Twisting			Liftingb
Outcomea	1A	1B	1C	2A	2B	2C	3A	3B	3C	4A	4B	4C	1A	1B	1C	2C
Abnormal back (n = 0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lumbar disc disease (n = 0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Herniated lumbar disc (n = 2)	1	1	2	1	2	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	2	2
Current LBP (n = 9)	2	2	4	2c	4c	8c	2	0	2	1	1	2	1	2	9	8
LBP 1–3 mo (n = 3)	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2
LBP 6 mo–2 y (n = 17)	4c	3c	7c	5c	5c	14c	2	0	2	2	3	5	2	3	14	11
LBP > 2 y (n = 9)	5	1	6	5	2	6	2	0	2	2	1	3	2	1	8	7
Regular LBP (n = 1)	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Lumbago in last 12 mo (n = 2)	2	0	2	2	1	2	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	2	2
Lumbago > 1 y (n = 3)	2	1	3	2	2	3	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	3	3
Sciatica in last 12 mo (n = 4)	2	1	3	3	2	4	2	0	2	1	0	1	2	1	5	4
Sciatica > 1 y (n = 1)	2	0	2	2	0	2	1	0	1	1	1	2	0	0	2	2
Long lasting or frequent LBP (n = 6)	3	2	5	4	3	7	2	0	2	1	2	3	2	2	7	6
LBP reported (n = 2)	1	0	1	1	0	2	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0
Seeking care for LBP (n = 4)	3	2	5	3	3	5	2	0	2	1	1	2	2	2	5	5
Filing a disability claim for LBP (n = 0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mild functional limitations (n = 2)	2	1	3	2	2	3	2	0	2	1	0	1	1	1	3	3
Moderate to severe functional limitations (n = 0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sick leave (n = 10)	2	2	4	3c	5c	9c	2	0	2	1	1	2	2	3	8c	7c
Disability pension (n = 0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Total	8	3	12	9	6	19	2	0	2	3	3	6	5	4	26	14

Note. LBP = low back pain. “A” exposures represent the percentage of a workday spent in a nonneutral posture or exerting a force; “B” exposures represent the percentage of job tasks requiring a nonneutral posture or exerting a force; “C” exposures represent ever experiencing a nonneutral posture or exerting a force; force 1C = lifting; force 2C = heavy lifting (> 20 kg).

^aTwo studies of patient handling in nurses contributed only to sensitivity analyses for lifting and heavy lifting and thus are not counted in the table for force exposures.

^bOutcome categories determined through a Delphi consensus process.³⁷

^cThe outcome–exposure combinations included in the individual participant data analysis.