Table 2.
Characteristics of patients with and without musculoskeletal manifestations and the association between 45 patients with musculoskeletal manifestations and clinical variablesa
| Predictor | With MSK, n =45 (%) | Without MSK, n =207 | χ 2 | P | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (mean±SD) | 59.63±9.7 | 56.10±14.7 | 0.13b | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female (n=147) | 31 (21.1) | 116 (78.9) | 2.33 | 0.127a | 1.095 | (0.98–1.22) |
| Male (n=105) | 14 (13.3) | 91 (86.7) | RC | |||
| Nationality | ||||||
| Saudi (n=80) | 17 (21.3) | 63 (78.8) | 0.92 | 0.338a | 1.31 | (0.76–2.24) |
| Non-Saudi (n=172) | 28 (16) | 144 (84) | RC | |||
| Manual labor | ||||||
| Yes (n=50) | 4 (8) | 46 (92) | 4.1 | 0.042a , b | 0.39 | (0.15–1.05) |
| No (n=202) | 41 (20.3) | 161 (79.7) | 1.2 | (1.04–1.3) | ||
| Smoking (n=26) | 3 (11.5) | 23 (88.5) | 0.8 | 0.37b | 0.62 | (0.21–1.86) |
| Duration of diabetes (mean±SD) | 12.07±6.84 | 11.01±11.02 | 0.001a , c | |||
| Disease not controlled (n=220) | 41 (13) | 27 (87) | 0.61 | 0.44b | 1.07 | (0.92–1.24) |
| Type of diabetes | ||||||
| Type 1 (n=37) | 5 (14) | 32 (86) | 1.303 | 0.245b | 0.55 | (0.18–1.59) |
| Type 2 (n=215) | 41 (19) | 174 (81) | 1.55 | 0.3 | 1.2 | (0.96–1.25) |
| Weight | ||||||
| Underweight (n=11) | 2 (18) | 9 (82) | 0.03 | 0.56b | 1.15 | (0.23–5.64) |
| Normal (n=44) | 13 (30) | 31 (70) | RC | |||
| Overweight (n=69) | 5 (10) | 64 (90) | 7.3 | 0.007a , b | 0.332 | (0.14–0.81) |
| Obesity (n=128) | 25 (19) | 103 (81) | 0.49 | 0.25 | 1.26 | (0.66–2.41) |
| Hemoglobin A1c level | 8.5±1.94 | 8.6±2.3 | 0.8 | |||
| Complications | ||||||
| Yes (n=168) | 40 (24) | 128 (76) | 12.17 | 0.001a , b | 4 | (1.64–9.76) |
| No (n=84) | 5 (6) | 79 (94) | RC | (0.077–0.54) | ||
| Retinopathy | ||||||
| Yes (n=38) | 16 (42) | 22 (58) | 17.94 | 0.001a , b | 3.1 | (1.88–5.14) |
| No (n=214) | 29 (14) | 185 (86) | RC | |||
| Nephropathy | ||||||
| Yes (n=53) | 14 (26) | 39 (74) | 3.3 | 0.07b | 1.7 | (0.97–2.93) |
| No (n=199) | 32 (16) | 167 (84) | RC | |||
| Neuropathy | ||||||
| Yes (n=120) | 30 (25) | 90 (75) | 7.97 | 0.005a , b | 2.2 | (1.25–3.88) |
| No (n=132) | 15 (11) | 117 (89) | RC | |||
| CAD | ||||||
| Yes (n=75) | 21 (28) | 54 (72) | 7.5 | 0.006a , b | 2.1 | (1.23–3.47) |
| No (n=177) | 24 (14) | 153 (86) | RC | |||
| CVA | ||||||
| Yes (n=21) | 6 (29) | 19 (71) | 1.79 | 0.181b | 1.69 | (0.81–3.53) |
| No (n=231) | 39 (17) | 192 (83) | RC | |||
CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confident interval; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; MSK, musculoskeletal; OR, odds ratio, RC, Reference category.
Data were presented as frequencies (percentages) unless otherwise stated.
a
Significant association, P<0.05.
P was calculated by
b
Chi-square test,
c
Mann–Whitney U test.