Table 2.
Characteristics (frequency, %) of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), developmental delays (DD), or typical developing (TD) and their mothers. CHARGE Study, California, 2003–2010
| Developmental category
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| ASD (n = 538) | DD (n = 163) | TD (n = 421) | |
| Exposure variables | |||
| Influenza during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 47 (8.7) | 16 (9.8) | 33 (7.8) |
| No | 491 (91.3) | 147 (90.2) | 388 (92.2) |
| Fever during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 97 (18) | 32 (19.6) | 62 (14.7) |
| No | 441 (82.0) | 131 (80.4) | 359 (85.3) |
| Other covariates | |||
| Anti-fever or anti-inflammatory medication taken during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 32 (6.0) | 13 (8.0) | 31 (7.4) |
| No | 506 (94.0) | 150 (92.0) | 390 (92.6) |
| Maternal periconceptional vitamin supplementation (3 months before conception up to the first month of pregnancy)a | |||
| Yes | 263 (48.8) | 75 (46.0) | 236 (56.0) |
| No | 213 (39.6) | 65 (39.9) | 115 (27.3) |
| Maternal age at child’s birth in year | |||
| < 25 | 75 (13.9) | 36 (22.01) | 68 (16.1) |
| 25–29 | 143 (26.5) | 41 (25.1) | 95 (22.5) |
| 30–34 | 171 (31.8) | 43 (26.4) | 158 (37.5) |
| ≥35 | 149 (27.8) | 43 (26.4) | 100 (23.7) |
| Maternal educationb | |||
| >High school | 460 (85.5) | 118 (72.4) | 349 (82.9) |
| ≤High school | 77 (14.3) | 45 (27.6) | 72 (17.1) |
| Type of insurance coverage at child deliveryc | |||
| Government | 82 (15.2) | 45 (27.6) | 60 (14.3) |
| Private | 455 (84.6) | 118 (72.4) | 360 (85.5) |
| Parity | |||
| 2 children or more | 297 (55.2) | 104 (63.8) | 244 (58.0) |
| 1 | 241 (44.8) | 59 (36.2) | 177 (42.0) |
| Maternal residence by regional center at child birth | |||
| North Bay | 71 (13.2) | 16 (9.8) | 62 (14.8) |
| San Andreas, East Bay, and Golden Gate | 95 (17.6) | 16 (9.8) | 75 (17.8) |
| Southern California | 93 (17.3) | 10 (6.1) | 27 (6.4) |
| Valley Mountain and Central Valley | 88 (16.3) | 37 (22.7) | 68 (16.1) |
| Alta | 191 (35.5) | 84 (51.5) | 189 (44.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 146 (27.1) | 50 (30.6) | 97 (23.0) |
| Others | 125 (23.2) | 43 (26.3) | 101 (24.0) |
| White | 267 (49.7) | 70 (42.9) | 223 (53.0) |
| Maternal place of birth | |||
| USA | 404 (75.1) | 127 (77.9) | 341 (81.0) |
| Mexico | 42 (7.8) | 26 (16.0) | 31 (7.4) |
| Others | 92 (17.1) | 10 (6.1) | 49 (11.6) |
| Maternal smoking 3 months before or during pregnancyd | |||
| Yes | 66 (12.2) | 11 (6.8) | 31 (7.4) |
| No | 430 (79.9) | 133 (81.6) | 322 (76.5) |
| Child sex | |||
| Male | 459 (85.3) | 106 (65.0) | 327 (77.7) |
| Female | 79 (14.7) | 57 (35.0) | 94 (22.3) |
a
62 ASD, 23 DD, and 70 TD children had missing maternal per-iconceptional vitamin supplementation
b
One ASD case had missing maternal education
c
One ASD and one typical child had missing maternal insurance status
d
42 ASD, 19 DD, and 68 typical children had missing smoking status