Table 1.
Release and fractionation of isolated organelles
| Organelle | Source | Release | Frac | Key point | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MAM | Rat cell culture, tissue | MH | Cent | First fractionation from cultured cells | [24] |
| Autophagosomes | Rat liver | MH | Cent | Increased enrichment of autophagosomes | [25] |
| Autolysosomes | Tobacco plant cells | CL | Cent | First fractionation of organelle in plants | [26] |
| Secretory lysosomes | Human blood mononuclear cells | MH | Cent | First characterization of this organelle | [27] |
| Mitochondria & chloroplasts | Moss | MH | Cent | Simultaneous fractionation of both organelles | [28] |
| Mitochondria | Rat brain | MH | Cent | Optimization of fractionation based on tissue amount, time, and application | [29] |
| Plasma Membrane | Rat liver | SO, MH | IC | Higher yield and better purity | [30] |
| Synaptosomes | Rat brain | MH | IC | High yield and better purity | [54] |
| Chloroplasts | Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco plants | CL | IC | Antibody that targets cell-type specific surface protein | [32] |
| Mitochondria | Human cancer cell culture | MH | IC | Improved fractionation in less time | [33] |
| Peroxisomes | Rat skeletal muscle cell culture | MH | IC | Isolation of functional peroxisomes | [34] |
| Lysosomes | Human breast sarcoma cell culture | MH | IC | First immuno-isolation of lysosomes | [35] |
| Endocytic Organelles | Rat skeletal muscle cell culture | MH | Mag | Isolation of organelles with acidic pH | [36] |
| Peroxisomes | Rat Liver | MH | FFE | Analysis of subpopulations | [38] |
| Mitochondria | S. cerevisiae | NA | FFE | Analysis of subpopulations | [39] |
| Mitochondria | Rat Liver | MH | FFF | Similar to density gradient centrifugation without density material | [40] |
| Secretory Granules | Mouse pituitary cell culture | MH | FAOS | Short analysis time, smaller sample requirements | [41] |
| Exocytic Vesicles | MDCK Tet-off cell culture | GB | FAOS | First enrichment of basolateral exocytic vesicles | [42] |
| Mitochondria | Murine and Porcine liver | MH | LCM, OT | Comparison of techniques | [43] |
| Mitochondria | Lymphoblastoid cell culture | MH | Dielec | Optimization of fractionation method | [44] |
This table is relevant to Sections 2 and 3 and covers reports on methods to release and fractionate organelles. Abbreviations for organelle release methods: CL = chemical lysis; FP = French press; GB = glass bead agitation; MH = mechanical homogenization; NA = not available; SO = sonication. Abbreviations for organelle fractionation methods (Frac): Cent = centrifugation; Dielec = dielectrophoresis; FAOS = fluorescence activated organelle sorting; FFE = free-flow electrophoresis; FFF = field flow fractionation; Frac = fractionation;IC = immunocapture; LCM = laser-capture microdissection; OT = optical tweezers; Mag = magnetic capture without affinity purification, Ref = reference.