Table 2.

Risk factors for hip fractures

Age	Falls
Gender	Low vitamin D levels
Body mass index	Low calcium intake
Ethnicity	Prolonged immobilization
Femoral neck BMD	Early menopause (<40 years)
Previous fractures	Surgical menopause (<45 years)
Parent fractured hip	Organ transplantation
Smoking	Diabetes
Alcohol use	Chronic renal failure
Glucocorticoid use	Use of thiazolidinediones
Rheumatoid arthritis	Use of PPI
Secondary osteoporosis	Hyponatremia

Validated (FRAX^R) not yet validated.