Table 5.
An overview of the studies that collected biological samples
| Blood sample |
Sample analysis |
Frequency of sampling |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Maternal | Cord blood | Placental | Off-spring blood | Plasma/serum | Blood smear | Fixed | Ongoing | |
| Adjorlolo-Johnson 1994 |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
serum |
N |
ELISA, Western blot, synthetic peptide tests, flow cytometry, cell counts. |
– |
– |
| Greenberg 1991 |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
– |
Y |
Screen for HIV-1 antibodies by ELISA, confirmed by Western blot. Cord-blood from 64 randomly selected seropositive infants. |
12 and 18 months of age |
– |
| Ryder 1994a; Ryder 1994b |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
serum |
N |
ELISA, Western blot. |
– |
– |
| Malhotra 2009 |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Immunoglobulims, antibodies, filter for Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae, Hb levels (HemoCue). Antigens, mitogens and recombinant cytokines. |
Birth |
Six monthly |
| McElroy 1999; McElroy 2000; McElroy 2001 |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
plasma |
Y |
Hb levels: “hemocue”, Microscopy: Giemsa |
Birth |
Monthly (finger prick) Two weekly (blood film) |
| Nokes 2004; Ochola 2009 |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
– |
N |
ELISA |
Birth |
Three monthly |
| ter Kuile 2003; van Eijk 2002 |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
– |
Y |
Finger prick for HIV test, malaria smear, Haemocue for hb, serostrip HIV-1/2 and Capillus HIV1-HIV2 tests |
Pre-inclusion (maternal blood), pregnancy, 1 month post partum |
– |
| Chilongozi 2008 |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
– |
N |
Syphilis screen, ELISA or Western blot test, complete blood count, CD4 cell count, plasma viral load. |
– |
– |
| Adair 2009; Ellison 2000; Griffiths 2008; Heerden 2010; Jones 2008; MacKeown 2000; MacKeown 2003; MacKeown 2007; Martorell 2010; Naicker 2010; Norris 2009; Pedro 2008; Richter 1995; Richter 2006; Richter 2007; Sabet 2009; Sheppard 2009; Steyn 2000; Steyn 2006; Thandrayen 2009; Vidulich 2006; Whati 2005; van Yach 1991 |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
– |
– |
Non fasting sample- lipids. Lead, glucose, insulin, cotinine, HIV status, vit D and bone turnover markers. |
Birth, 5 years, 13 years and 14 years. |
|
| Rayco-Solon 2004 |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
– |
Y |
|||
| 8 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 5 | |||||
Y – yes, N – no