Table 4.

Empirical studies of the implications of patenting on incentive to introduce medicine to market

Authors//Ref.no.	Period	Setting (Country/medicines)	Objectives	Model	Method
Mansfield (1986)/[37]	1981-1983	100 U.S. manufacturing firms from twelve industries including the pharmaceutical industry	The effect of patent protection on the rate of development and commercialization of inventions.	Survey	Surveying U.S. manufacturing firms in order to know the proportion of its inventions developed in 1981–83 that would not have been developed and or commercially introduced if it could not have obtained a patent.
Lanjouw (2005)/[39]	1982-2002	68 countries at all income levels and including all medicine launches over the period of study.	How patent rights and price regulation affect whether new medicines are marketed in a country, and how quickly	Probit model	Using probit models of the probability that a new medicine is launched in a given country within either two years or ten years of the medicine’s first appearance in the global market and a log-logistic hazard model of the time path of country launches