Table 2. Meta-analysis of observational studies: prevalence rate of hypertension by decade and adjustment to the design effect, including 12 2018 individuals.
| Decade | Hypertension criteria (number of studies/number of adjusted studies) | Prevalence rate (95% CI) | Adjusted vs. unadjusted* | |||
| Males | Females | Overall (all studies) | Overall (adjusted studies) | |||
| 1980’s | WHO (n = 5/1) | 21.6 (14.9–30.2) | 18.0 (11.3–27.4) | 23.6 (17.3–31.4) | 31.3 (28.6–34.2) | <0.001 |
| JNC (n = 3/2) | 45.1 (40.0–50.4) | 34.6 (23.7–47.5) | 36.1 (28.7–44.2) | 36.7 (24.4–51.0) | 0.57 | |
| 1990’s | WHO (n = 6/0) | 20.3 (17.0–24.1) | 20.02 (14.4–27.6) | 19.6 (16.4–23.3) | – | – |
| JNC (n = 8/0) | 29.7 (22.5–38.2) | 27.2 (19.9–36.1) | 32.9 (29.9–36.0) | – | – | |
| 2000’s | Self-report in home visit (n = 4/2) | 15.8 (11.7–21.0) | 23.4 (16.6–31.9) | 25.2 (23.3–27.2) | 20.0 (14.4–27.1) | <0.001 |
| Self-report through telephone inquiry (n = 5/4) | 18.6 (17.4–19.9) | 23.2 (21.1–25.4) | 20.6 (19.0–22.4) | 21.4 (20.3–22.6) | 0.51 | |
| JNC (n = 14/4) | 27.3 (22.5–32.8) | 27.7 (23.7–32.0) | 28.7 (26.2–31.4) | 30.7 (26.6–35.1) | 0.07 | |
WHO = World Health Organization diagnostic criteria; JNC = Joint National Committee diagnostic criteria; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
*
P value for χ2.
**
P value for χ for trend.