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. 2012 Oct 31;7(10):e48379. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048379

Figure 5. Effect of galectin-9 treatment on inflammatory cytokines secretion in vitro and in vivo.

Figure 5

(A) Time course of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 release into serum after Con A injection, with or without galectin-9 (100 µg per mouse) administered i.v. for 30 minutes before Con A injection. Serum cytokine levels were determined using ELISA-assay kits. Data points represent the mean ± SD for 8 animals killed at each point. **, p<0.01; *, p<0.05 vs galectin-9 pretreated mice. (B) Spleen macrophages (1×106 cells/mL) were incubated for 24 hours with 100 ng/mL LPS, with or without galectin-9 treatment (10 µg/ml). Aliquots of supernatant were then collected and stored at −80°C until assayed. IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were measured by using specific ELISA kits. The results were presented as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments. ***, p<0.001; **, p<0.01.