. 2012 Oct 31;7(10):e48612. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048612

Table 1. Clinical and biochemical parameters of study subjects by group.

	Healthy Control	Obese Without Diabetes	Non-obeseDiabetes	Obese Diabetes	CVD	P Value
N	60	60	60	60	44
M/F	32/28	28/32	27/33	25/35	27/17	0.29
Medications
Anti-diabetic	-	-	46	55	12	<0.001
Cardiovascular	-	5	7	4	44	<0.001
Smoking status (%)	18.3	11.6	8.3	10.0	16.0	0.46
Age (year)	51.4±13.6	54.3±14.2	58.8±12.3^ab	52.9±9.5^c	64.4±9.7^abcd	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	22.9±1.6	34.7±3.9^a	26.5±3.1^ab	34.0±2.5^ac	29.5±4.5^abcd	<0.001
Waist (cm)	82.5±13.4	104.3±16.6	92.2±18.2	101.1±25.3	97.5±20.3	<0.001
Hips (cm)	95.1±15.1	115.6±16.5^a	97.1±19.2^b	104.4±26.3^abc	102.1±22.5^ab	<0.001
SAD (cm)	19.2±4.4	25.0±7.4^a	23.0±7.7^a	25.4±6.0^a	25.0±10.0^a	<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	116.5±13.4	128.2±14.6^a	127.0±14.6^a	123.8±12.2^a	128.5±16.3^a	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	74.7±6.6	79.7±7.0^a	79.3±6.7^a	78.5±7.4^a	77.3±7.7^a	0.002
LDL (mmol/L)	3.4±0.28	3.5±0.27	3.8±0.26^a	3.4±0.24	3.0±0.32^abcd	0.006
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.5±0.33	1.7±0.28	2.3±0.50^ab	2.3±0.45^ab	2.1±0.41^ab	<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.1±0.38	0.93±0.29	0.88±0.31^a	0.90±0.38^a	0.79±0.29^ab	0.04
Glucose (mmol/L)	4.9±1.2	5.4±1.2	12.2±1.3^ab	11.8±1.3^ab	8.7±1.5^abcd	<0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.2±1.2	5.4±1.0	5.9±1.4^ab	5.6±1.2	5.0±1.5^cd	0.001
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.5±0.23	2.5±0.21	2.5±0.25	2.6±0.31	2.6±0.38	0.20
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	1.2±0.28	1.3±0.40	1.2±0.30	1.4±0.50	1.2±0.30	0.32

Data represented by mean ± standard deviation;

indicates group significantly different from control;

indicates group significantly different from obese without diabetes;

indicates group significantly different from non-obese diabetes;

indicates group significantly different from obese diabetes. Level of significance is given at p≤0.05. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SAD, sagittal abdominal diameter; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.