Table 1.
Subject characteristics and neuropsychological tests results.
| Turner syndrome (N=40) | Controls (N=19) | p value (sign ≤ .003) | Cohen's d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 8.16 (1.92) | 8.58 (2.72) | .494 | 0.191 |
| Family income | 6.75 (2.18) | 7.93 (1.58) | .067 | 0.507 |
| Growth hormone treatment | 34 | - | - | - |
| Neuropsychology | ||||
| FSIQ | 93.28 (11.54) | 115.42 (6.8) | <.001 | 1.517 |
| VIQ | 102.40 (11.46) | 115.74 (13.37) | <.001 | 0.986 |
| PIQ | 94.35 (13.07) | 115.38 (8.23) | <.001 | 1.377 |
| MVPT-3 | 86.03 (19.49) | 104.95(14.99) | <.001 | 0.940 |
| BRIEF | ||||
| Inhibition | 62.20 (12.31) | 48.98 (9.32) | <.001 | 1.021 |
| Shift | 60.43 (12.49) | 45.66 (9.12) | <.001 | 1.104 |
| Emotional Control | 51.24 (9.37) | 44.79 (8.69) | .017 | 0.660 |
| Initiate | 58.39 (9.57) | 49.58 (9.31) | .002 | 0.856 |
| Working memory | 63.95 (12.23) | 51.45 (12.18) | 0.001 | 0.929 |
| Organization of Material | 56.84 (9.52) | 51.68 (10.02) | .064 | 0.521 |
| Plan/Organize | 61.85 (12.74) | 53.68 (13.59) | .028 | 0.607 |
| Monitor | 62.37 (11.72) | 49.74 (12.51) | <.001 | 0.949 |
| Behavior Regulation Index | 58.53 (10.83) | 46.05 (9.14) | <.001 | 1.057 |
| Metacognition Index | 62.67 (10.90) | 52.68 (12.46) | .003 | 0.813 |
| Global Executive Composite | 61.49 (10.25) | 50.74 (11.62) | .001 | 0.915 |
| SRS | ||||
| Total SRS | 62.76 (13.84) | 47.76 (10.06) | <.001 | 1.035 |
| Social awareness | 61.06 (13.07) | 47.13 (8.69) | <.001 | 1.034 |
| Social cognition | 61.91 (13.78) | 45.63 (10.42) | <.001 | 1.098 |
| Social communication | 60.08 (13.71) | 48.16 (9.00) | .001 | 0.881 |
| Social motivation | 55.45 (11.33) | 51.68 (9.83) | .219 | 0.345 |
| Autistic mannerism | 67.66 (15.28) | 50.29 (11.40) | <.001 | 1.069 |
Demographics and summary of neuropsychological results of all participants for both groups (TS and TD). Means for Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ), Motor-Free Visual Spatial test (MVPT-3), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) are presented and standard deviation are in parenthesis. Significance level after Bonferroni correction is .003 and effect sizes are reported using Cohen's d (absolute value).