Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of non-diabetic participants in the IRAS by distribution of fish consumption
| Whole study population | Caucasians | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish consumption | <2 portions/week | ≥2 portions/week | <2 portions/week | ≥2 portions/week |
| N (%) | 695 (73.1) | 256 (26.9) | 292 (76.0) | 92 (24.0) |
| Age (years) | 54.8 ± 8.5 | 54.6 ± 8.3 | 55.8 ± 8.5 | 55.0 ± 7.9 |
| Male (%) | 43.7 | 48.8 | 47.3 | 53.3 |
| Education >high school completed (%) | 57.7 | 64.8** | 72.6 | 75.0 |
| Income ≥US$40,000/year (%) | 43.0 | 52.7** | 52.1 | 70.7** |
| Current smoker (%) | 17.1 | 14.5 | 12.3 | 6.5 |
| Current drinker* (%) | 72.0 | 80.9** | 73.6 | 87.0** |
| Total energy expenditure (kcal/kg/day) | 38.4 (35.4–44.0) | 38.7 (35.8–42.2) | 38.4 (35.2–43.3) | 38.6 (36.0–41.7) |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 38.4 | 41.0 | 27.1 | 30.4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 5.6 | 28.9 ± 5.6 | 27.5 ± 5.2 | 27.9 ± 5.0 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.87 ± 0.08 |
| Fruits (portions/day) | 1.13 (0.54–2.03) | 1.76 (0.96–2.72)** | 1.16 (0.60–2.03) | 1.60 (0.93–1.44)** |
| Vegetables (portions/day) | 2.29 (1.47–3.32) | 3.21 (2.37–4.60)** | 2.46 (1.60–3.52) | 3.32 (2.61–4.58)** |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1805 ± 780 | 2152 ± 864** | 1772 ± 760 | 2036 ± 721** |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 73.1 ± 32.0 | 91.5 ± 37.6** | 73.8 ± 32.0 | 89.2 ± 32.3** |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 72.2 ± 37.4 | 83.6 ± 41.5** | 69.1± 36.7 | 75.9 ± 32.3 |
| Insulin sensitivity (x10−4 min−1 [μU/l]−1) | 1.62 (0.91–2.90) | 1.47 (0.76–3.01) | 1.89 (1.15–3.29) | 1.98 (0.98–3.43) |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 13 (9–18) | 13 (9–20) | 11 (8–15) | 12 (8–17) |
| Intact proinsulin (pmol/l)/C-peptide | 8.7 (6.4–12.9) | 9.6 (6.8–14.1)** | 8.0 (5.9–10.9) | 9.4 (6.7–13.8)** |
| Split proinsulin (pmol/l)/C-peptide | 11.1 (7.6–16.5) | 11.9 (8.1–17.4) | 9.6 (6.8–14.1) | 11.4 (7.6–17.5)** |
| Acute insulin response (μU/ml) | 52.5 (30.0–86.0) | 47.5 (24.0–80.5)** | 44.0 (25.0–73.0) | 29.0 (20.0–58.0)** |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5.4 (5.0–5.8) | 5.5 (5.1–6.0)** | 5.4 (5.0–5.8) | 5.5 (5.0–6.2)** |
| 2-hour post-load glucose (mmol/l) | 6.8 (5.5–8.2) | 6.8 (5.3–8.3) | 6.8 (5.4–8.1) | 6.8 (5.3–8.4) |
Data in means ± standard deviations or percentages or medians (interquartile ranges)
*
Current drinker refers to individuals who reported to drink any amount of alcohol currently when the questionnaire was administered.
**
P<0.05