Table 1.
The characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| First author | Gastric cancer (n) | Type of estimate of habitual sodium intake | Factors controlled for in multivariate analysis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publication year | Location | Study period | Sex | Age (years) |
Study population (n) |
Events | Mortality | |||
| Peleteiro [11] | 2011 | Portugal | 2001–2006 | F/M | 18–92 | 1071 | 422 | ~ | Total salt intake | Age, gender, education, smoking, H. pylori infection, and total energy intake |
|
| ||||||||||
| Campos [12] | 2006 | Colombia | 2000–2002 | F/M | 49–75 | 647 | 216 | 30 | Total salt intake | Age, gender, and hospital |
|
| ||||||||||
| Pourfarzi [13] | 2009 | Iran | 2003–2005 | F/M | 65.46 ± (11.5) | 611 | 217 | ~ | Total salt intake | Age, gender, residence, education, and family history on cancer |
|
| ||||||||||
| Kim [18] | 2010 | Korea | 1996–2003 | F/M | 30–80 | 2248129 | 12393 | ~ | Salt preference | Age, sex, BMI, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and family history of cancer |
|
| ||||||||||
| Ramón et al. [14] | 2002 | Spain | 1986–1989 | F/M | 32–80 | 305 | 165 | 12 | Smoked and pickled foods, salt | Age, gender |
|
| ||||||||||
| Shikata [19] | 2006 | Japan | 1998–2002 | F/M | >40 | 2467 | 93 | Total salt intake | Age, sex, Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, medical history of peptic ulcer, family history of cancer, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, total vitamin B2, vitamin C and dietary fiber intake, smoking habits and dietary factors intake of total energy, total protein, carbohydrate, vitamin B1, cholesterol, physical activity, and alcohol | |
|
| ||||||||||
| Ngoan [20] | 2002 | Japan | 1986–2001 | F/M | >15 | 13250 | 116 | 116 | Pickled food | Age, sex, smoking, and other dietary factors |
|
| ||||||||||
| Ward [15] | 1999 | Mexico | 1989–1990 | F/M | ~ | 972 | 220 | ~ | Salty snacks | Age, gender, and total calories |
|
| ||||||||||
| Tsugane [21] | 2004 | Japan | 1990–2001 | F/M | 40–59 | 39065 | 486 | 361 | Salted food consumption (miso soup, pickled vegetables, salted fish roe, salted fish preserves, and dried or salted fish) | Age, gender, cigarette smoking, fruit and vegetable intake, drinking history, and personal medical history |
|
| ||||||||||
| Lee [16] | 2003 | Korea | 1999.3–1999.9 | F/M | ~ | 268 | 69 | ~ | Salt-fermented fish | Age, sex, education, family history of gastric cancer, smoking, alcohol drinking, and H. pylori infection |
|
| ||||||||||
| Yang [17] | 2011 | China | 2006–2010 | F/M | 40–75 | 900 | 300 | Salted food (meat and fishes, pickled vegetable) | Age, sex, smoking, drinking, fresh fruit, and fresh vegetables | |