Table 1.
AIRE expression (AIRE mRNA and AIRE protein) in human extra-thymic systems, organs, and tissues.
| Systems, organs, tissues | AIRE expression negative or negligibly positive | AIRE expression moderately or strongly positive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Techniques | Cell types | Techniques | Cell types | |
| Bone marrow | NB [4] RT-PCR [18] IHC [18] |
NB [5] | ||
|
| ||||
| Lymph nodes | IHC [18] FC [20] |
CD14− cells [20] B lymphocytes [18] T lymphocytes [18] Monocytes [18] Macrophages [18] DCs (plasmacytoid) [18] Epithelial cells [18] Endothelial cells [18] |
NB [4, 5] isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [10, 11, 18] IF [10] FC [20] |
Neutrophilic granulocytes [11] Lymphocytes [11] CD14+ cells [20] DCs (myeloid-lineage) [10, 18] |
|
| ||||
| Spleen | NB [4] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18] |
NB [5] isH [10] IHC [10, 11] |
Neutrophilic granulocytes [11] Lymphocytes (red-pulp) [11] |
|
|
| ||||
| GALT | RT-PCR [18] IHC [18] |
|||
|
| ||||
| Fetal liver | NB [4, 5] isH [10] IHC [10] |
|||
|
| ||||
| Adult liver | NB [4] isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] WB [12] IHC [10, 18] |
|||
|
| ||||
| Peripheral blood leukocytes | NB [4] RT-PCR [13, 16, 19] ICC [10, 13] FC [20] |
Neutrophilic granulocytes [13] PBMCs [16] CD14− cells [16] B lymphocytes [19] T lymphocytes [20] CD4+ T lymphocytes [13, 20] CD8+ T lymphocytes [19, 20] Monocytes [16, 19] DCs (myeloid-lineage) [16] |
NB [5] RT-PCR [11, 13–15, 19, 20] ICC [11, 13] IF [11, 12] FC [20] |
Neutrophilic granulocytes [11] PBMCs [11, 13, 19] PBLs [11, 12] B lymphocytes [20] T lymphocytes [19, 20] CD4+ T lymphocytes [19] CD14+ cells [20] Monocytes [11, 13, 14] DCs (myeloid-lineage) [13–15, 19] DCs (plasmacytoid) [15] |
|
| ||||
| Skeletal muscle | RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18] |
|||
|
| ||||
| Cartilage and bone | RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18] |
RT-PCR [21] | Chondrocytes [21] | |
|
| ||||
| Heart and blood vessels | isH [10] RT-PCR [18] IHC [10, 18] |
|||
|
| ||||
| Respiratory system (upper and lower tract) | isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [10, 18] |
|||
|
| ||||
| Gastrointestinal system (upper tract, small and large bowel, salivary glands) | RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18] |
NB [4] | ||
|
| ||||
| Endocrine glands (parathyroid glands, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland) | NB [4] isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] WB [12] IHC [10, 18] |
NB [5] | ||
|
| ||||
| Genito-urinary system, placenta, mammary gland | isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [10, 18] |
NB [5] | ||
|
| ||||
| Skin and annexes | isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [10, 18] |
RT-PCR [22] IF [22, 23] |
Keratinocytes (epidermal and HF) [23] | |
|
| ||||
| Central and peripheral nervous system | RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18] |
|||
|
| ||||
| Eye and annexes | RT-PCR [18] IHC [18] |
|||
AIRE: autoimmune regulator, GALT: gut-associated lymphoid tissue, PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBLs: peripheral blood lymphocytes, DCs: dendritic cells, HF: hair-follicle, CD: cluster of differentiation, NB: Northern blotting, isH: in situ hybridization, RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, WB: Western blotting, IHC: immunohistochemistry, ICC: immunocytochemistry, IF: immunofluorescence, and FC: flow cytometry.