Table 1.
Participant characteristics: the Health ABC study, 1998–1999a
| Total sample (n = 2638) | White (n = 1615) | Black (n = 1023) | P valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 74.7 (2.9) | 74.8 (2.9) | 74.5 (2.9) | 0.049 |
| Female (%) | 51.2 | 47.5 | 57.1 | <0.001 |
| Field center (%) | ||||
| Memphis | 49.4 | 51.2 | 46.5 | 0.021 |
| Pittsburgh | 50.6 | 48.9 | 53.5 | |
| Less than high school education (%) | 23.1 | 11.6 | 41.4 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 9.6 | 6.1 | 15.1 | <0.001 |
| Pack-years | 19.0 (28.0) | 20.8 (30.4) | 16.2 (23.4) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | ||||
| None in past year | 62.1 | 54.1 | 74.6 | <0.001 |
| Seven or fewer drinks per week | 29.0 | 35.1 | 19.4 | |
| More than one per day | 9.0 | 10.8 | 6.1 | |
| Season (%) | ||||
| Winter (December-February) | 25. 8 | 27.8 | 22.6 | 0.009 |
| Spring (March-May) | 31.5 | 30.1 | 33.7 | |
| Summer (June-August) | 17.4 | 17.8 | 16.7 | |
| Fall (September-November) | 25.3 | 24.3 | 27.0 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 (4.8) | 26.4 (4.1) | 28.5 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| Usual 20-m walking speed (m/sec) | 1.14 (0.22) | 1.20 (0.20) | 1.05 (0.21) | <0.001 |
| Minutes walking per week (%) | ||||
| 0 min/wk | 40.0 | 33.9 | 49.7 | <0.001 |
| 1–149 min/wk | 31.5 | 33.1 | 28.8 | |
| 150+ min/wk | 28.5 | 33.0 | 21.5 | |
| Cognitive function (3MS score) | 90.2 (8.1) | 93.0 (5.5) | 85.9 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥16; %) | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 0.75 |
| Serum 25(OH)D (ng/ml)c | 25.8 (10.3) | 28.9 (10.0) | 20.8 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| Intact PTH (pg/ml) | 38.7 (22.9) | 35.3 (17.4) | 44.2 (28.7) | <0.001 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dl) | 8.9 (0.4) | 8.8 (0.4) | 8.9 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 72.4 (16.0) | 70.0 (14.3) | 76.3 (17.8) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 3.5 (3.6) | 3.3 (3.5) | 3.8 (3.8) | 0.002 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 205.8 (38.9) | 204.3 (37.9) | 208.4 (40.4) | 0.008 |
| Prevalent disease (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 19.9 | 15.5 | 26.8 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 58.2 | 50.5 | 70.5 | <0.001 |
| CVD | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 0.98 |
| Lung disease | 13.5 | 12.2 | 15.4 | 0.017 |
| Cancer | 19.0 | 20.1 | 17.3 | 0.08 |
| Cause of death (% of deaths)d | ||||
| CVD | 33.0 | 33.2 | 32.7 | 0.88 |
| Cancer | 31.6 | 31.4 | 31.8 | 0.91 |
| Noncancer/non-CVD | 35.5 | 35.4 | 35.5 | 0.97 |
a
Data are means (sd) or frequencies. Smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, cognitive function, and depressive symptoms were measured at study baseline (1997–1998); all other covariates were measured at the 12-month follow-up (1998–1999).
b
P value comparing Blacks and whites determined by two-way ANOVA F tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables.
c
To convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 2.496.
d
Percent of deaths with given cause over 8.5 yr of follow-up.