Table 1.
Mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of natural polyphenols.
| Compound | References | |
|---|---|---|
| Resveratrol | ↓inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. TNFα, 5-lipoxygenase, COX-1, COX-2, TXB2, iNOS, CRP), expression of angiogenic and metastatic gene products (e.g. MMPs, VEGF, cathepsin D, and ICAM-1), ↓activity protein kinases (e.g. src, PI3K, JNK, and AKT), ↓expression of antiapoptotic gene products (e.g. Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, XIAP and survivin), ↓adenosine nucleotide secretion from activated platelets, ↓IL-8, GM-CSF, activation of NF-κB, ↑antioxidant enzymes (e.g. catalase, superoxide dismutase and hemoxygenase-1), antioxidant activity | Alarcón de la Lastra & Villegas,2005; Haricumar & Aggarwal, 2008; Anonym, 2010 |
| Pterostilbene | ↓activation of NF-κB, ↓COX-1, ↓COX-2, ↓iNOS ↓production of pro-inflammatory mediators (PGE2, TNFα), antioxidant activity |
Perečko et al.,
2010; Cichocki et al., 2008; Remsberg et al., 2008; Paul et al., 2009; Anonym, 2010; |
| Pinosylvin | antioxidant activity, ↓activation of NF-κB, ↓production of pro-inflammatory mediators, ↓COX-2 and iNOS expression |
2006; Lee et al., 2006; Park et al., 2005; Park et al., 2011 |
| Piceatannol | ↓Syk, ↓COX-2, ↓iNOS, antioxidant activity, ↓MPO, ↓PGE2, ↓pro-inflammatory cytokines |
2006; Son et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2008 |
| Curcumin | ↓activation of NF-κB, ↓overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, ↓activity of COX-2, iNOS and LOX, antioxidant activity | Jurenka, 2009; Srivastava et al., 2011; Aggarwal & Sung, 2009 |
| N-feruloyl serotonin | antioxidant activity, ↓LDL oxidation, ↓activation of caspase-3, ↓ROS-dependent adhesion, ↓migration of monocytes to endothelial cells, ↓activation of NF-κB |
Piga 2009; Piga et al., 2010 |
Abbreviations used: AKT: protein kinase B; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bcl-X L: B-cell lymphoma-extra large; COX: cyclooxygenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ICAM: intracellular adhesion molecule; IL-8: interleukin 8; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LOX: lipoxygenase; MAC-1: macrophage-1 antigen; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; PGE 2: prostaglandin E2; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3 kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Src: non-receptor tyrosine kinases; Syk: spleen tyrosine kinase; TNFα: tumour necrosis factor alpha; TXB 2: thromboxane B2; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion protein; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein