Table 3.
Mean (±SE) energy, nutrient intakes, and MET hours/week of physical activity at baseline and change in outcomes across time for the MB-EAT-D a (n=26) and Smart Choices (n=25) treatment groups
| Baseline Values | Energy (kcal) | Total Fat (% Energy) | Saturated Fat (grams/1000 kcal) | Monounsat. Fat (grams/ 1000 kcal) | Polyunsat. Fat (grams/ 1000 kcal) | Trans Fat (grams/1000 kcal) | Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MB-EAT-D | 1851 (±129) | 41.16 (±1.15) | 14.53 (±0.47) | 18.14 (±0.62) | 9.64 (±0.44) | 1.48 (±0.10) | 147 (±12.68) |
| Smart Choices | 2019 (±131) | 40.53 (±1.17) | 13.38 (±0.48) | 18.01 (±0.63) | 10.20 (±0.45) | 1.60 (±0.10) | 152 (±12.93) |
| P-value c | P = 0.3628 | P = 0.7056 | P = 0.0937 | P = 0.8816 | P = 0.3715 | P = 0.4232 | P = 0.9738 |
| Change Score at Immediate Post-intervention d | |||||||
| MB-EAT-D | −298 (±109) P = 0.0068 |
−0.62 (±1.03) P = 0.551 |
−0.65 (±0.41) P = 0.1147 |
−0.02 (±0.59) P = 0.9721 |
0.15 (±0.44) P = 0.7255 |
0.00 (±0.10) P = 0.9838 |
5.59 (±11.94) P = 0.6505 |
| Smart Choices | −574 (±114) P < 0.0001 |
−1.46 (±1.09) P = 0.1813 |
−0.79 (±0.43) P = 0.0698 |
−0.84 (±0.62) P 0.1734 |
0.18 (±0.46) P =0.6898 |
−0.30 (±0.10) P = 0.0030 |
−14.37 (±12.76) P = 0.3189 |
| Change Score at 3-month Follow-up d | |||||||
| MB-EAT-D | −490 (±109) P < 0.0001 |
−0.19 (±1.04) P = 0.8517 |
0.12 (±0.41) P = 0.7724 |
0.10 (±0.59) P = 0.8644 |
0.46 (±0.44) P = 0.2962 |
0.05 (±0.10) P = 0.6361 |
−4.01 (±11.95) P = 0.9734 |
| Smart Choices | −682 (±111) P < 0.0001 |
−1.26 (±1.06) P = 0.2364 |
−1.04 (±0.42 ) P = 0.0151 |
0.64 (±0.60) P = 0.2868 |
0.42 (±0.44) P = 0.3442 |
−0.23 (±0.10) P = 0.0219 |
−4.58 (±12.19) P = 0.4615 |
| P-value e | P = 0.2198 | P = 0.3286 | P = 0.1221 | P = 0.5206 | P = 0.9553 | P = 0.0489 | P = 0.5827 |
| Baseline Values | Carbohydrate (% Energy) | Total Fiber (grams/100 kcal) f | Total Sugars (grams/1000 kcal) | Glycemic Index | Glycemic Load | Protein (% Energy) | MET hr/week g |
| MB-EAT-D | 43.57 (±1.35) | 10.48 (±0.82) | 42.52 (±2.78) | 51.59 (±0.82) | 101.35 (±5.48) | 16.76 (±0.49) | 9.56 (±2.41) |
| Smart Choices | 44.38 (±1.38) | 10.18 (±0.84) | 45.53 (±2.83) | 52.04 (±0.83) | 106.40 (±7.83) | 16.56 (±0.50) | 10.00 (±2.50) |
| P-value c | P = 0.6738 | P = 0.9928 | P = 0.4494 | P = 0.7014 | P = 0.3603 | P = 0.7754 | P = 0.3307 |
| Change Score at Immediate Post-intervention d | |||||||
| MB-EAT-D | 0.37 (±1.23) P = 0.7629 |
0.77 (±0.70) P = 0.0887 |
1.02 (±2.95) P = 0.7307 |
−0.77 (±0.70) P = 0.2705 |
−16.25 (±6.61) P = 0.0151 |
0.41 (±0.49) P = 0.4075 |
0.62 (±0.28) P = 0.0277 |
| Smart Choices | 1.25 (±1.30) P = 0.3370 |
2.97 (±0.74) P < 0.001 |
4.80 (±3.09) P = 0.1229 |
−2.32 (±0.73) P = 0.0019 |
−34.12 (±6.94) P < 0.0001 |
0.92 (±0.52) P = 0.0784 |
0.38 (±0.29) P = 0.1970 |
| Change Score at 3-month Follow-up d | |||||||
| MB-EAT-D | 1.38 (±1.23) P = 0.2641 |
0.86 (±0.70) P = 0.0656 |
−1.50 (±2.95) P = 0.6127 |
−1.53 (±0.70) P = 0.0301 |
−30.13 (±6.61) P < 0.0001 |
1.27 (±0.49) P = 0.0107 |
0.49 (±0.28) P = 0.0809 |
| Smart Choices | 1.87 (±1.26 ) P = 0.1394 |
3.46 (±0.72) P < 0.001 |
7.03 (±3.01) P = 0.0209 |
−2.87 (±0.71) P = 0.0001 |
−38.80 (±6.74) P < 0.0001 |
0.40 (±0.50) P = 0.4277 |
0.30 (±0.28) P = 0.2926 |
| P-value e | P = 0.0670 | P = 0.0221 | P = 0.0449 | P = 0.1793 | P = 0.3603 | P = 0.2156 | P = 0.6325 |
Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training for Diabetes (MB-EAT-D) group
Dietary cholesterol intakes were not normally distributed and were log-transformed; the p-values were based on the comparison of means of the log-transformed data using the transform log(x).
Student t-test within an ANOVA for between-group comparison at baseline; P-value < 0.05 used for statistical significance.
P-value < 0.0125 used for statistical significance to account for the Bonferroni correction of the 4 comparisons for the within-group changes from baseline to immediate post-intervention and from baseline to 3-month follow-up.
Student t-test within an ANOVA to compare the between-group change from baseline to 3-month follow-up; P-value < 0.05 used for statistical significance.
Dietary fiber intakes were not normally distributed and were log-transformed; the p-values were based on the comparison of means of the log-transformed data using the transform log(x).
Gender, employment, current age, age at time of diabetes diagnosis, and diabetes duration were significant covariates for MET hours/week and were incorporated into the repeated measures model. The data were not normally distributed and were log-transformed; the p-values were based on the comparison of means of the log-transformed data using the transform log(1+x).